Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants aged 5–18 years old according to refractive errors
| Non-myopia (−0.50 < SE) | Low myopia (−6.0 < SE ≤ -0.5) | High myopia (SE ≤ -6.0) | Total | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 340 | 575 | 68 | 983 | |
| Refractive errors (D) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.32 (0.85) | −2.48 (1.60) | −7.19 (0.97) | −1.84 (2.38) | |
| Median (IQR) | 0.13 (−0.13, 0.5) | −2.13 (−3.88, − 1.00) | −7.06 (− 7.63, −6.44) | −1.13 (− 3.38, − 0.13) | |
| Age (years) | <.001* | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 9.39 (0.31) | 13.02 (0.18) | 15.40 (0.30) | 12.16 (0.19) | |
| Median (IQR) | 7.71 (5.65, 11.30) | 13.11 (10.00, 15.40) | 15.36 (13.31, 16.65) | 12.18 (8.20, 15.17) | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.752a | ||||
| Male | 171 (50.29) | 301 (52.35) | 33 (48.53) | 505 (51.37) | |
| Female | 169 (49.71) | 274 (47.65) | 35 (51.47) | 478 (48.63) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <.001* | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 17.76 (0.28) | 20.01 (0.22) | 22.58 (0.61) | 19.57 (0.81) | |
| Median (IQR) | 16.83 (15.17, 19.53) | 19.40 (17.20, 22.41) | 21.80 (19.56, 24.72) | 18.90 (16.56, 21.97) | |
| Parental myopia, n (%) | 0.016a | ||||
| Yes | 210 (61.77) | 421 (73.22) | 56 (82.35) | 687 (69.89) | |
| Father | 75 (35.71) | 120 (28.50) | 20 (35.71) | 215 (31.30) | |
| Mother | 75 (35.71) | 143 (33.97) | 16 (28.57) | 234 (34.06) | |
| Both | 60 (28.57) | 158 (37.53) | 20 (35.71) | 238 (34.64) | |
| No | 130 (38.2) | 154 (26.78) | 12 (17.65) | 296 (30.11) | |
| Near work, n (%) | 0.033a | ||||
| ≤ 1 h/D | 60 (17.65) | 50 (8.70) | 4 (5.88) | 114 (11.60) | |
| 1–2 h/D | 139 (40.88) | 164 (28.52) | 17 (25.00) | 320 (32.55) | |
| 3 h/D | 68 (20.00) | 133 (23.13) | 12 (17.65) | 213 (21.67) | |
| 4 h/D ≤ | 73 (21.47) | 228 (39.65) | 35 (51.47) | 336 (34.18) | |
| Household income | 0.247a | ||||
| 1 (Lowest) | 28 (8.24) | 50 (8.70) | 8 (11.76) | 86 (8.75) | |
| 2 | 97 (28.53) | 129 (22.43) | 12 (17.65) | 238 (24.21) | |
| 3 | 99 (29.12) | 197 (34.26) | 20 (29.41) | 316 (32.15) | |
| 4 (Highest) | 116 (34.12) | 199 (34.61) | 28 (41.18) | 343 (34.89) | |
| Accompanying disease, n (%) | |||||
| Atopic dermatitis | 56 (16.47) | 94 (16.35) | 6 (8.82) | 156 (15.87) | 0.056a |
| Allergic rhinitis | 86 (25.29) | 168 (29.22) | 24 (35.29) | 278 (28.28) | 0.250a |
| Asthma | 10 (2.94) | 29 (5.04) | 3 (4.41) | 42 (4.27) | 0.670a |
| Sinusitis | 20 (5.88) | 34 (5.91) | 7 (10.29) | 61 (6.21) | 0.154a |
| Otitis media | 86 (25.29) | 149 (25.91) | 12 (17.65) | 247 (25.13) | 0.492a |
| ADHD | 4 (1.18) | 3 (0.52) | 0 (0.00) | 7 (0.71) | -a |
All data are expressed as n (%) for categorical variables or mean (SD), median (IQR) for continuous variables
SE spherical equivalent; D diopters; SD standard deviation; IQR interquartile range; BMI body max index; ADHD attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
aRao-Scott Chi-squre
*P-values are calculated using the ANOVA