Table 4.
Effect on cardiovascular autonomic outcomes in an RCT on spinal manipulation. Effect estimates were obtained using generalized linear mixed models
| Outcomes | Intercept | Intervention (sham as reference) | Time (covariate) | Intervention × Time (sham as reference) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRi (ms) | Estimates | 856 | 0.2 | 51 | 4 |
| N = 41 | 95% CI | 820.7 - 892.9 | − 32.3 - 32.7 | 37 - 65.6 | − 12.9 - 21.4 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.989 | < 0.01 | 0.626 | |
| Log HF-HRV (ms2) | Estimates | 3.004 | − 0.013 | 0.051 | 0.026 |
| N = 41 | 95% CI | 2.863 - 3.144 | − 0.118 - 0.092 | 0.025 - 0.076 | − 0.009 - 0.062 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.805 | < 0.01 | 0.152 | |
| HF normalized unit | Estimates | 67.3 | − 0.8 | − 1.9 | 0.7 |
| N = 41 | 95% CI | 63.0 - 71.8 | − 5.4 - 3.8 | − 3.4 - − 0.3 | − 1.0 - 2.4 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.727 | 0.018 | 0.420 | |
| Log LF-HRV (ms2) | Estimates | 2.636 | − 0.001 | 0.089 | 0.018 |
| N = 41 | 95% CI | 2.518 - 2.753 | − 0.095 - 0.093 | 0.059 - 0.117 | − 0.02 - 0.056 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.984 | < 0.01 | 0.360 | |
| Log LF/HF | Estimates | − 0.369 | 0.008 | 0.038 | − 0.011 |
| N = 41 | 95% CI | − 0.466 - − 0.271 | − 0.095 - 0.111 | 0.006 - 0.07 | − 0.048 - 0.027 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.877 | 0.018 | 0.580 | |
| Log RMSSD (ms) | Estimates | 1.666 | − 0.005 | 0.033 | 0.013 |
| N = 41 | 95% CI | 1.591 - 1.74 | − 0.063 - 0.052 | 0.02 - 0.045 | − 0.006 - 0.032 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.857 | < 0.01 | 0.195 | |
| Log SDNN (ms) | Estimates | 1.703 | 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.010 |
| N = 41 | 95% CI | 1.648 - 1.756 | − 0.04 - 0.041 | 0.021 - 0.038 | − 0.004 - 0.024 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.962 | < 0.01 | 0.188 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | Estimates | 115.6 | − 0.9 | 1.2 | − 0.7 |
| N = 30 | 95% CI | 110.2 - 120.9 | − 6.4 - 4.5 | 0.06 - 2.3 | − 2.2 - 0.8 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.727 | 0.038 | 0.389 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | Estimates | 56.7 | − 0.6 | 1.07 | − 0.9 |
| N = 30 | 95% CI | 53.3 - 60.1 | − 3.1 - 1.9 | 0.3 - 1.8 | − 1.7 - 0.03 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.639 | < 0.01 | 0.059 | |
| MBP (mmHg) | Estimates | 72.7 | − 0.8 | 1.02 | − 0.75 |
| N = 30 | 95% CI | 69.2 - 76.1 | − 3.7 - 2.1 | 0.2 - 1.7 | − 1.6 - 0.1 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.579 | < 0.01 | 0.101 | |
| LF-SBP (mm2Hg) | Estimates | 1.557 | 0.003 | 0.050 | 0.050 |
| N = 30 | 95% CI | 1.252 - 1.861 | − 0.272 - 0.278 | − 0.02 - 0.12 | − 0.048 - 0.149 |
| p values | < 0.01 | 0.981 | 0.161 | 0.313 |
Notes
- Significant effects at p < 0.05 are bold faced
- For RRi there were a quadratic Time trend (Estimate: − 10. p < 0.01) and Intervention by quadratic Time trend (Estimate: − 0.2. p = 0.931) terms in the model
- For LF-SBP we used a gamma distribution with log link function
Abbreviations:
RRi intervals between normal beats; Log logarithm with base 10; HF high frequency; HF normalized unit: HF/(HF + LF) x 100; LF low frequency; RMSSD root mean square of the successive differences between normal heartbeats; SDNN standard deviation of the inter beat interval of normal sinus beats; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; MBP mean blood pressure