TABLE 1.

Lectin and antibody microarrays used for glycophenotyping, differentiation, and detection of bacteria.

Printed probes	Slide surface chemistrya	Tested targets	Detection strategy	Detection technique	References
16 Lectins	Epoxy activated	E. coli, E. cloacae, S. aureus, B. subtilis	Lectin-conjugated gold nanoparticles followed by silver deposition	Resonance light scattering	Gao et al., 2010
15 Lectins	NHS activated polyacrylamide hydrogel coating	S. aureus	SYTO 60 labeling of bound bacteria	Fluorescence confocal microscopy	Liu et al., 2016
21/41 Lectins	NHS activated multi-component hydrogel coating	E. coli (4 strains)/C. jejuni (2 strains)	Bacteria labeled with SYTO 85/SYTOX Orange	Fluorescence scanning	Hsu et al., 2006,Kilcoyne et al., 2014
44 Lectins	Epoxysilane activated	L. casei, L. paracasei (16 strains)	Bacteria labeled with SYTOX Orange	Evanescent-field fluorescence scanning	Yasuda et al., 2011
8/15 Lectins + 2 Abs	Epoxy activated	C. jejuni LOS (3/8 strains)	LOS labeled with BODIPY	Fluorescence scanning	Semchenko et al., 2012a
ConA	ZnO nanorod arrays on fluorine-doped tin oxide glasses	E. coli	DAPI labeling of bound bacteria	Fluorescence microscopy	Zheng L. B. et al., 2017
3 Lectins + 3 sugars	Carbon nanotubes on gold electrodes	E. coli K12, E. faecalis, S. mutans, S. Typhi		Measurement of electronic resistance	Saucedo et al., 2018
Anti-E. coli O157:H7 Ab	Gold slides coated with biotin-labeled BSA + streptavidin (for printing of biotin-labeled Ab)	E. coli O157:H7	Fluorescein-labeled anti-E. coli O157:H7 Ab	Fluorescence microscopy	Gehring et al., 2006
6 Abs + 6 O-chain polysaccharides	Epoxy activated	E. coli (6 non-O157 STEC strains)	Alexa Fluor 555-labeled Abs	Fluorescence scanning	Hegde et al., 2013
7 Abs (pyrrole conjugates)	Gold-covered biochips (electrochemical arraying)	E. coli (15 STEC + 2 non-STEC strains)	Real-time monitoring of bacterial growth	SPR imaging	Mondani et al., 2016
35/66 Abs	Epoxy activated	Salmonella enterica/Streptococcus pneumoniae	Bacteria labeled with Eosin Y/SYTO25	Fluorescence scanning	Cai et al., 2005,Marimon et al., 2010

^aGlass slides unless otherwise indicated; NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; Ab, antibody.