. 2019 Jul 11;97(1):156–167. doi: 10.1111/cge.13586

Table 4.

Included studies executive functioning domain and calculated effect sizes

Authors	N	Age	Comparison	Subdomain(s)	Instrument(s) + Type(s)	Results	Effect sizes
Lee et al, 2015	15 XXY 15 XXX	5‐18 years	Control group	Daily life executive functioning	BRIEF (P)	XXX/XXY > controls^†	N/A
Ross et al, 2008	47 XXY	4‐18 years	Normed scores	Sustained attention—omissions	C(K)CPT (C)	XXY > controls^†	N/A
				Sustained attention—variability		XXY > controls^†	N/A
				Sustained attention—reaction time		XXY > controls^†	N/A
				Inhibition	DKEFS‐CWIT (C)	n.s.
				Mental flexibility	DKEFS‐CWIT (C)	n.s.
Ross et al, 2009	93 XXY 21 XYY	4‐18 years	Control group	Sustained attention—omissions	C(K)CPT (C)	XXY > XYY = controls^†	d _xxy = .83***
				Sustained attention—variability		XXY = XYY > controls^†	d _xxy = .80* d _xyy = .86*
				Sustained attention—reaction time		XXY = XYY > controls^†	d _xxy = 1.02* d _xyy = 1.04*
				Sustained attention—commissions		n.s.
				Inhibition	DKEFS‐CWIT (C)	XYY < XXY < controls	d _xyy = 1.09***
				Mental flexibility	DKEFS‐CWIT (C)	XYY < XXY < controls	d _xyy = 1.71***
Van Rijn & Swaab, 2015	40 XXX/XXY	9‐18 years	Control group	Sustained attentional control	ANT (C)	XXX/XXY < controls	d = .33*
				Inhibition		XXX/XXY < controls	d = .38*
				Mental flexibility		XXX/XXY < controls	d = .45*
				Visual working memory		XXX/XXY < controls	d = .68^**
				Focused attention		n.s.
				Verbal working memory		n.s.
				Daily life executive functioning	DEX (P)	XXX/XXY < controls	d = 1.37***
Samango‐Sprouse et al, 2018	44 XXY (NL) 54 XXY (United States)	8‐18 years	Normed scores	Sustained attention; % significant impaired	ANT (C)	19%‐57%	N/A
				Inhibition; % significant impaired		26%‐28%	N/A
				Mental flexibility; % significant impaired		35%‐36%	N/A

Note: *** High clinical significance; ** Moderate clinical significance; * Low clinical significance; N/A, not applicable; n.s., not significant; † higher scores denote more problems.

Abbreviations: ANT, Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks; BRIEF, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; C, Performance Task Child; C(K)CPT, Conners' (Kiddie) Continuous Performance Test; DEX, Dysexecutive Questionnaire; DKEFS‐CWIT; Delis‐Kaplin Executive Functioning Color‐Word Interference Test; P, Parent Report.