Table 1.
Enzymes and genes of sphingolipid metabolism involved in response to (a)biotic stress.
| Enzyme | Name | Mutant/transgenic plants | Phenotype under (a)biotic stress | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sphingolipid ∆8 long‐chain base desaturases | SLD | sld1sld2 (Arabidopsis) | Sensitive to cold | Chen et al. (2012) |
| SlSLD‐KD (tomato) | Sensitive to chilling | Zhou et al. (2016) | ||
| Long‐chain base kinase | LCBK1 | lcbk1 (Arabidopsis) | Freezing tolerant | Huang et al. (2017) |
| lcbk1‐KD (Arabidopsis) | Sensitive to FB1 treatment | Yanagawa et al. (2017) | ||
| OsLCBK1‐OE (rice) | Tolerance to oxidative stress | Zhang et al. (2013) | ||
| AtLCBK1‐OE (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to FB1 treatment | Yanagawa et al. (2017) | ||
| Long‐chain base kinase | LCBK2 | lcbk2 (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to intermediate cold (12°C) | Dutilleul et al. (2012) |
| Long‐chain base kinase | SPHK1 | SPHK1‐OE (Arabidopsis) | Sensitive to ABA treatment | Worrall et al. (2008) |
| Ceramide kinase | ACD5 | acd5 (Arabidopsis) | Seed germination sensitive to cold | Dutilleul et al. (2015) |
| Tolerance to powdery mildew | Wang et al. (2008) | |||
| Susceptibility to B. cinerea | Bi et al. (2014) | |||
| Ceramide synthase | LOH1LOH2LOH3 | loh1, loh2, loh3 (Arabidopsis) | Sensitivity to dark submergence | Xie et al. (2015a) |
| loh1‐1 loh3‐1 (Arabidopsis) | Sensitivity to dark and light submergence | Xie et al. (2015a) | ||
| LOH2‐OE (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to FB1 treatment | Luttgeharm et al. (2015) | ||
| Neutral ceramidase | nCER1 | ncer1 (Arabidopsis) | Sensitivity to oxidative stress | Li et al. (2015) |
| nCer1‐OE (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to oxidative stress | Li et al. (2015) | ||
| Alkaline ceramidase | AtACER | Atacer (Arabidopsis) | Sensitivity to oxidative stress | Zheng et al. (2018) |
| Susceptibility to P. syringae strain DG3 | Wu et al. (2015a) | |||
| Atacer, AtACER RNAi (Arabidopsis) | Sensitivity to salinity | Wu et al. (2015a) | ||
| AtACER‐OE (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to salinity | Wu et al. (2015a) | ||
| Sphingosine‐1 phosphate lyase | OsSPL1 | OsSPL1‐OE (rice) | Sensitivity to salinity | Zhang et al. (2012) |
| Susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tabaci | Zhang et al. (2014) | |||
| Sphingoid phosphate phosphatase1 | AtSPP1 | Atssp1 (Arabidopsis) | Sensitive to ABA treatment | Nakagawa et al. (2012) |
| Dihydrosphingosine‐1‐phosphate lyase1 | AtDPL1 | Atdpl1 (Arabidopsis) | Susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato and tolerant to B. cinerea | Magnin‐Robert et al. (2015) |
| Fatty acid alpha‐hydroxylase | FAH1FAH2 | fah1/fah2 (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to powdery mildew | König et al. (2012) |
| OsFah1/OsFah2 (rice) | Susceptibility to Magnaporthe oryzae | Nagano et al. (2016) | ||
| Enhancing RPW8‐mediated HR‐like cell death | ERH1 | erh1 (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to powdery mildew | Wang et al. (2008) |
| Glucosamine inositol phosphorylceramide transferase1 | AtGINT1 | Atgint1 (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to moderate salinity | Ishikawa et al. (2018) |
| Serine palmitoyltransferase | SPT | SPT‐silenced (tobacco) | Susceptibility to Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici | Rivas‐San Vicente et al. (2013) |
| Small subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase | ssSPTa | AtssSPTa‐OE (Arabidopsis) | Sensitivity to FB1 treatment | Kimberlin et al. (2013) |
| AtssSPTa RNAi (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to FB1 treatment | Kimberlin et al. (2013) | ||
| Subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase | LCB2a1 | OsLCB2a‐OE (rice) | Tolerance to Myzus persicae infestation | Begum et al. (2016) |
| Orosomucoid‐like proteins | ORM1ORM2 | orm1 amiR‐ORM2 (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to P. syringae strain DG3 | Li et al. (2016) |
| Tolerance to oxidative stress | Li et al. (2016) | |||
| AtORM1‐OE, AtORM2‐OE (Arabidopsis) | Tolerance to FB1 treatment | Kimberlin et al. (2016) | ||
| AtORM1 RNAi, AtORM2 RNAi(Arabidopsis) | Sensitivity to FB1 treatment | Kimberlin et al. (2016) |
KD, knocked‐down; OE, overexpressing line.