Table 5. Data extraction table for experimental studies.
| Author(s)
& year |
Aim(s) | Country,
setting & funding |
Participants | Design &
theoretical underpinning |
Intervention(s) | Outcome(s) and data
collection |
Findings * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akar and
Bebiş (2014) |
“To assess health
beliefs and knowledge of testicular cancer (TC) and testicular self-examination (TSE) and the effectiveness of TC and TSE training for patient care staff” (p.966) |
Turkey
Hospital Funding not reported (NR) |
n=96 male patient care
personnel (assistants of healthcare professionals) randomly assigned to two groups, Group 1 (n=48; interactive education group) and Group 2 (n=48; pamphlet group) |
Prospective,
randomized, controlled intervention study Health Belief Model (HBM) |
Group 1:
45-minute PowerPoint presentation on TC and TSE (cases of two patients, 5-min video depicting how patients did not know how to perform TSE, messages on the importance of not being afraid of TC and TSE) Group 2: Pamphlet on TC and TSE |
Data collected at pre-test and
post-test (12 weeks) using a 51-item researcher-designed questionnaire: 25 items assessed demographics, TC knowledge and practice. 26 items comprised five Champion Health Belief Model (CHBM) sub- dimensions, perceived: Susceptibility (5) Severity (7) Benefits of TSE (3) Barriers to TSE (5) Self-efficacy (6) |
(Q1) 54.1% (n=52) were
unaware of TC and TSE at pre-test. Knowledge increased for both groups at post-test (p=0.001), with Group 1 having greater knowledge (p=0.005) (Q2) 5.2% (n=5) reported practicing TSE at pre-test. At post-test, 83.3% (n=40) in Group 1 and 54.2% (n=26) in Group 2 reported practicing TSE (p=0.002) (Q3) Not reported (NR) (Q4) Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and confidence increased (p=0.001) and perceived barriers decreased (p=0.001) at post-test for both groups |
| Pour
et al.
(2018) |
“To evaluate the efficacy
of TSE education on knowledge, performance, and health beliefs of Turkish young men” (p.398) |
Turkey
University No funding |
n=174 male nursing
and nutrition-dietetic students randomly assigned into 12 groups (12–18 students/group) |
Quasi-
experimental follow-up study design HBM |
Each group was
given education about TC and TSE using PowerPoint presentation, video, pamphlet, and question-answer interaction |
Data collected using
a research designed questionnaire with socio- demographic questions and questions assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours toward TC and TSE (pre-test only), The Turkish version of CHBM scale with five sub- dimensions was administered at pre- and 3 months post- test: Sensitiveness (5) Caring/ seriousness (7) Benefits (3) Obstacles (5) Self-effectiveness/ confidence (6) |
(Q1) At pre-test, 82.8%
(n=144) heard about TC, 40.8% (n=71) were not informed about TC, 54.5% (n=95) did not hear about TSE, and 72.4% (n=126) were not educated about TSE (Q2) At pre-test, 76.5% (n=133) did not perform TSE, 81% (n=141) thought that TSE should be done, and 50.5% (n=88) did not know how to perform TSE (Q3) NR (Q4) Perceived sensitiveness decreased (11.27/25±3.6 pre-test vs. 10.42±4.55 post-test; p=0.01), benefits increased (10.68/15±2.8 pre-test vs. 11.74±2.41 post-test; p=0.003), and seriousness, obstacles, and self- effectiveness did not vary significantly at post-test |
*Findings presented according to the review questions as follows: (Q1) Knowledge and awareness of testicular disorders and/or self-examination; (Q2) Behaviours and/or intentions to examine/feel their testes; (Q3) Help-seeking behaviours and/or intentions for testicular symptoms; (Q4) Secondary outcomes in relation to measures of benefits/harms, economic evaluations, process evaluations, and other testicular-related measures. CHBM, Champion’s health belief model; HBM, health belief model; NR, not reported; TC, testicular cancer; TSE, testicular self-examination.