Figure 2. SAP2 mediates resistance to pyrethroid insecticides.
A. Effect of SAP2 knock down on mortality in multi-resistant Anopheles populations in response to a panel of insecticides (rightmost bar) compared to GFP-injected controls (leftmost bar; patterned). Tiassalé: Deltamethrin (blue; nGFP;SAP2 = 5;5); Permethrin (pink; nGFP;SAP2 = 6;7); α-cypermethrin (dark grey; nGFP;SAP2 = 5;5); DDT (yellow; nGFP;SAP2 = 4;3), primiphos-methyl (light grey; nGFP;SAP2 = 4;4) and Bendiocarb (dark blue nGFP;SAP2 = 9;4). Banfora: Deltamethrin (light blue; nGFP;SAP2 = 4;5). N represents the total number of females used across all replicates. B. Transgenic over-expression of SAP2 in susceptible G3 mosquitoes reduces mortality after permethrin exposure. Bars represent control (grey; n = 15) and SAP2 overexpression (white; n = 17). N represents the total number of females used across all replicates. C. Competitive binding assays of the three SAP proteins to three pyrethroid insecticides. Only instances with binding shown; no binding for: SAP3 nor SAP1 with permethrin; SAP3 with α-cypermethrin; any SAP with bendiocarb or pirimiphos-methyl. The data show mean ± standard deviation. * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001; ns p > 0.05. Statistical significance in 2A and 2B calculated by an ANOVA test followed by a Tukey post hoc test; p-values are provided in Supplementary Table 2