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. 2020 Jan 15;10:3008. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03008

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Copyright © 2020 Noli Truant, De Marzi, Sarratea, Antonoglou, Meo, Iannantuono López, Fernández Lynch, Todone, Malchiodi and Fernández.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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PMA THP-1 differentiated cells are more sensitive than THP-1 cells to the SAg effect. Acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining of PMA-treated THP-1 cells under different treatment conditions (representative images). (A) Control THP-1/PMA cells (left panel) and SAgs treatment (right panel) are shown. Asterisks indicate early apoptosis cells, regular arrows show late apoptosis cells, and wide arrows show necrosis. (B) Viability and type of death percentage of THP-1/PMA cells treated with SAgs or untreated (control). The result is based on the analysis of live and apoptotic/necrotic cells following acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining. (C) Cytokines were measured in supernatants by ELISA; production of IL-6 is shown. Values are expressed in pg/ml. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. Asterisks represent statistical significance with respect to untreated cells: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.