Table 5.

Overview of pharmaceutical interventions and their possible mechanism improving preeclampsia.

Study	Study design	Drug	Possible mechanism improving preeclampsia
Bujold et al. (46) Roberge et al. (47)	Meta-analysis	Aspirin	Improves trophoblastic invasion of the uterine spiral arteries. Down-regulates the placental expression of C3 and of complement factor B.
Rodger et al. (48) Roberge et al. (49) Wang et al. (50)	Meta-analysis	Heparin	Improves maternal vasculature, endothelial function, increases placental growth factor and inhibits of C5a.
Seo et al. (51)	Retrospective cohort	Hydroxy-chloroquine	Diverse molecular pathways, incl. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antithrombotic. Impair complement-dependent antigen-antibody reactions.
Lefkou et al. (6)	Case-control	Pravastatin	Diminishes inflammation, increases placental blood flow, and reverses angiogenic and redox imbalances. Inhibits complement activation by induction of DAF expression.
Sones et al. (52) Reijnders et al. (53)	Case-control (mice)	Celecoxib	Increases uterine vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Does not significantly decrease complement (C3, complement factor B) expression in mice.
Burwick et al. (54)	Case-report	Eculizumab	Inhibits C5, reduces C5a, and C5b-9 generation.