Table 2.
Means and standard deviations (SD) of observed physical functioning outcomes, and linear mixed model estimates for change in physical functioning over 2-year intervention, and post-intervention by men and women
| Baseline | 1 year | 2 year | Estimated change from baseline to 2 years | Follow-up | Estimated change from baseline to 3 years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | β (SE) | p value | Mean (SD) | β (SE) | p value | |
| Knee extension strength (N) | ||||||||
| Women | 268 (75) | 286 (80) | 291 (77) | 14.1 (4.58) | p = 0.003 | 290 (76) | 10.59 (4.47) | p = 0.02 |
| Men | 404 (108) | 418 (122) | 414 (113) | − 5.5 (7.51) | p = 0.47 | 408 (112) | − 7.4 (8.47) | p = 0.39 |
| Knee flexion strength (N) | ||||||||
| Women | 114 (39) | 130 (39) | 135 (42) | 16.3 (2.86) | p < 0.001 | 135 (39) | 12.3 (2.96) | p < 0.001 |
| Men | 200 (56) | 203 (55) | 204 (55) | − 0.38 (5.10) | p = 0.94 | 202 (62) | − 7.49 (5.39) | p = 0.17 |
| Chair rise (s) | ||||||||
| Women | 16.3 (5.7) | 13.2 (4.5) | 12.8 (4.5) | − 2.47 (0.53) | p < 0.001 | 11.8 (2.8) | − 2.66 (0.46) | p < 0.001 |
| Men | 14.4 (3.9) | 13.6 (5.3) | 12.8 (3.7) | − 1.44 (0.52) | p = 0.013 | 14.0 (5.8) | − 0.37 (0.81) | p = 0.65 |
| Walking speed (m/s) | ||||||||
| Women | 1.28 (0.33) | 1.42 (0.32) | 1.41 (0.35) | 0.08 (0.02) | p < 0.001 | 1.45 (0.35) | 0.07 (0.03) | p = 0.009 |
| Men | 1.49 (0.37) | 1.53 (0.40) | 1.51 (0.40) | − 0.02 (0.04) | p = 0.59 | 1.52 (0.44) | − 0.04 (0.05) | p = 0.37 |
| Timed up and go (s) | ||||||||
| Women | 11.0 (4.1) | 9.8 (4.1) | 10.0 (3.6) | − 0.21 (0.45) | p = 0.64 | 9.4 (2.8) | 0.33 (0.51) | p = 0.52 |
| Men | 10.6 (5.5) | 10.1 (5.2) | 10.4 (5.8) | 0.30 (0.48) | p = 0.58 | 11.1 (6.5) | 1.51 (0.75) | p = 0.05 |
| Berg Balance Scale (points) | ||||||||
| Women | 51.4 (4.2) | 52.4 (3.7) | 52.4 (3.8) | 0.45 (0.52) | p = 0.39 | 52.6 (3.3) | − 0.67 (0.60) | p = 0.27 |
| Men | 51.6 (5.1) | 51.7 (5.4) | 52.0 (4.8) | − 0.63 (0.52) | p = 0.73 | 51.2 (5.4) | − 2.43 (1.09) | p = 0.04 |