Table 2.

Within-group changes in functional ability, postural control, sensation, perceived dizziness and confidence after the interventions

Outcome measure	Wrist training (n = 42)				Multi-sensory training (n = 38)
	∆	95% CI		p value*	∆	95% CI		p value*
SOT composite (score)	3.6	1.363	5.813	< 0.01*	4.2	1.495	6.943	< 0.01*
Monofilament (g)	− 0.2	− 0.465	− 0.012	0.14	− 0.1	− 0.360	0.222	0.08
Biothesiometer (µm)	− 0.3	− 0.697	0.133	0.11	− 0.2	− 0.629	0.179	0.38
Head Shake Test positivea (%)	0.0	− 0.195	0.195	1.0	− 15.8	− 0.320	0.005	0.06
vHIT left (gain)	0.01	− 0.012	0.037	0.30	0.0	− 0.011	0.045	0.23
vHIT right (gain)	0.0	− 0.042	0.005	0.15	0.0	− 0.066	0.027	0.41
10MWT comfort speed (m/s)	0.0	− 0.025	0.063	0.39	0.0	− 0.032	0.064	0.51
10MWT fast speed (m/s)	0.0	− 0.037	0.082	0.45	0.1	− 0.002	0.094	0.06
FTSTS (s)	− 1.0	− 1.537	− 0.444	< 0.01*	− 1.5	− 1.964	− 0.996	< 0.001*
DHI (score)	− 2.3	− 5.673	1.088	0.21	− 4.7	− 8.283	− 1.086	0.01*
ABC (score)	0.9	− 1.152	2.935	0.98	2.3	− 0.141	4.743	0.69

Monofilament and biothesiometer; mean values measured on plantar surface of: heel, caput of the first and fifth metatarsal bones, left and right

Significant values are shown in bold

∆ mean change, SOT Sensory Organization Test, 10MWT 10 m Walk Test, FTSTS Five Times Sit to Stand Test, DHI The Dizziness Handicap Inventory, ABC Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, vHIT Video Head Impulse Test

*Baseline − endpoint differences: Wilcoxon non-parametric test and paired samples t test

^aPositive HST: ≥ 2 fast eye beats