TABLE 3.

Standardized effect sizes for outcomes.

	Primary outcomes			Secondary outcomes
Measure	Successful completion (logistic)1	Weeks persisted	Obstacle course time	Instructor evaluation (negative)	Peer evaluation (negative)	Peer evaluation (positive)
Demographic covariates
Education	7.096∗∗∗	0.349∗	0.235	−0.380∗	–0.213	0.393
Mother education	2.185	0.335∗	–0.132	–0.189	–0.213	–0.265
Body mass index	1.128	0.151∗	–0.089	0.015	–0.127	0.145
Survey covariates
Social desirability	0.0002	–0.626∗∗	–0.110	0.517	0.399	–0.505
Optimism for success	1.824	0.162∗	–0.051	0.035	–0.028	0.156
Performance covariates
4-Mile Run3	–	–	0.452∗∗∗	–	–	–
2-Mile Swim3	–	–	0.102	–	–	–
Mindsets
Stress-is-enhancing	1.699	0.176∗	–0.308∗∗	–0.410∗∗∗	–0.379∗∗	0.137
Failure-is-enhancing	0.439∗	–0.145	0.312∗∗	0.115	–0.153	–0.161
Non-limited willpower	1.011	0.042	0.113	0.282∗∗	0.482∗∗∗	–0.042
Nobs	157	157	110	130	71	71
R2	–	0.218	0.304	0.196	0.304	0.158

Education measures, social desirability, and successful completion were coded as binary variables, and all other dependent and independent variables were z-scored to report standardized Betas. ¹Effect sizes for successful completion are reported as odds ratios. ²As only one participant both responded in socially desirable ways and completed training, this estimate is not meaningful. ³Performance covariates were only included in the model predicting obstacle course times, given that our question of interest regards which mindsets predict success of candidates entering training, rather than which mindsets predict success of those who made it through enough training to have performance outcomes. Models that include these performance covariates show consistent results and do not change the conclusions we draw from these findings (see Supplementary Material for further details). ^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.