Table 5:

Results of Panel Causality test

Causalities	w-statistics		P-value
patients⟺temp	2.1985**	2.7813***	0.02	0.005
patients⟺gdp	0.9013	−0.7730	0.360	0.430
patients⟺pop	9.3106***	6.4978***	0.000	0.000
patients⟺led	7.0436***	4.9759***	0.000	0.000

Note: The statistical significance at 1%, 5%, 10% is denoted by ***, **, * respectively