Table 4.
Regression results predicting gains in multiplication skill for younger and older children. Results of the regression analyses performed to study the role of temporal and frontal cortex activation during phonological processing (entered in step 2) in predicting gains in multiplication skill, over and above the cognitive skills entered in step 1.
| Predicting gains in multiplication skill | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Younger children | |||||||||
| Step | Predictor | Stand. β | t | p | R2 | ΔR2 | F | ΔF | p ΔF |
| 1 | Multiplication skill at T1 | -.601 | −2.993 | .008 | .458 | .458 | 3.042 | 3.042 | .037 |
| Reading at T1 | .300 | 1.061 | .303 | ||||||
| Verbal STM at T1 | -.301 | −1.273 | .219 | ||||||
| Verbal WM at T1 | -.147 | -.639 | .531 | ||||||
| Verbal IQ at T1 | .424 | 1.359 | .191 | ||||||
| 2 | Multiplication skill at T1 | --.466 | −2.748 | .014 | .687 | .229 | 5.008 | 5.838 | .012 |
| Reading at T1 | .445 | 1.838 | .085 | ||||||
| Verbal STM at T1 | -.174 | -.878 | .393 | ||||||
| Verbal WM at T1 | .057 | .292 | .774 | ||||||
| Verbal IQ at T1 | .106 | .391 | .701 | ||||||
| Frontal activation T1 | -.653 | −2.661 | .017 | ||||||
| Temporal activation T1 | .858 | 3.417 | .004 | ||||||
| Predicting gains in multiplication skill | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Older children | |||||||||
| Step | Predictor | Stand. β | t | p | R2 | ΔR2 | F | ΔF | ΔF |
| 1 | Multiplication skill at T1 | -.281 | −1.240 | .231 | .247 | .247 | 1.182 | 1.182 | .356 |
| Reading at T1 | .496 | 1.644 | .118 | ||||||
| Verbal STM at T1 | .107 | .422 | .678 | ||||||
| Verbal WM at T1 | -.214 | -.858 | .402 | ||||||
| Verbal IQ at T1 | -.008 | -.026 | .980 | ||||||
| 2 | Multiplication skill at T1 | -.345 | −1.407 | .179 | .340 | .093 | 1.176 | 1.122 | .350 |
| Reading at T1 | .530 | 1.743 | .101 | ||||||
| Verbal STM at T1 | .118 | .463 | .649 | ||||||
| Verbal WM at T1 | -.335 | −1.181 | .255 | ||||||
| Verbal IQ at T1 | -.101 | -.332 | .744 | ||||||
| Frontal activation T1 | -.377 | −1.204 | .246 | ||||||
| Temporal activation T1 | .056 | .191 | .851 | ||||||
Note. ΔR2: change in R2. ΔF: Change in F. No multicollinearity was found in these analyses, with the VIF value ranging from 1.34 to 3.74 for the regression analysis with younger children and from 1.22 to 2.37 for the regression analysis with older children.