Figure 4.

In vitro synergistic thermogaseous therapy. a) Schematic illustration of synergistic thermogaseous therapy against 4T1 cancer cells enabled by Nb₂C–MSNs–SNO at the cell level. b) CLSM imaging and flow cytometry analysis of 4T1 cells incubated with FITC‐labeled Nb₂C–MSNs–SNO for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h. Scale bar: 20 µm. c,d) Cytotoxicity of Nb₂C–MSNs–SNO and Nb₂C–MSNs–PEG to 4T1 cells under different treatments including: c) different concentrations ([Nb] = 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg mL⁻¹) and d) different power densities (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 W cm⁻²). (P‐values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001). e) Flow cytometry quantification assay on relative viabilities of 4T1 cell after different treatments (PBS, Nb₂C–MSNs–PEG, Nb₂C–MSNs–SNO, 1064 nm laser only, Nb₂C–MSNs–PEG + 1064 nm laser, and Nb₂C–MSNs–SNO + 1064 nm laser). f) CLSM images of 4T1 cells stained by calcein AM (green) and PI (red) after different treatments. Scale bar: 50 µm. g) The ratio of PI/calcein AM of 4T1 cells after different treatments. (P‐values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, and *** < 0.001).