Table 5.

Comparison of various studies for gender prediction accuracy

Authors and year	Nationality	Parameters studied	Mode of study	Observations
More et al.[1]	Indian	Mandibular ramus	Digital OPG	The overall accuracy for diagnosing gender was 69%, whereas for diagnosing male and female, the accuracy was 68% and 70%, respectively
Maloth et al.[14]	Indian	Upper ramus breadth, lower ramus breadth, condylar ramus height, projective ramus height, and coronoid ramus height	Digital panoramic radiographs	The overall accuracy for diagnosing gender was 74%, whereas for diagnosing male and female, the accuracy was 70% and 78%, respectively
Bangi et al.[15]	Indian	Mediolateral, superoinferior, and anteroposterior dimensions and the volume of the maxillary sinuses	Computed tomography	The accuracy rate was found to be 84% in males and 92% in females, with the mean accuracy of 88%
Khaitan et al.[16]	Indian	Size of the maxillary sinuses	Digital lateral cephalometric radiographs	A sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 76% was observed
Gamba Tde et al.[17]	Brazilian	Ramus length, gonion-gnathion length, minimum ramus breadth, gonial angle, bicondylar breadth, and bigonial breadth	Cone-beam computed tomography	The rate of correct gender classification was 95.1%. An accuracy of 93.33% and 94.74% was found for estimating males and females, respectively
Sairam et al.[18]	Indian	Measurements of mandible	Digital panoramic radiographs	The accuracy of sex determination in mandibular ramus measurements was 79.5% on the right side and 77% on the left side, whereas, in linear mandibular measurements, it was 76% on the right side and 79.5% on the left side
Tambawala et al.[19]	Indian	Foramen magnum dimensions	Cone-beam computed tomography	Overall accuracy rate of sex determination was 66.4%. Of these, 70.3% of males and 62.6% of females were differentiated correctly
Abu-Taleb and El Beshlawy et al.[13]	Egyptian	Mandibular ramus linear and gonial angle measurements	Digital OPG	Accuracy of 81% in males and 77.9% in females and an overall accuracy of 79.6% were noted
Kharoshah et al.[20]	Egyptian	Osteometric mandibular measurements	UAO and DPT radiographs	The overall predictive accuracy was 83.9%. The correct predictive accuracy was 83.6% in males and 84.2% in females
Hsiao et al.[21]	Taiwanese	Cephalometric parameters	Lateral radiographic cephalometric	100% accuracy in sex determination

OPG: Orthopantomogram; UAO: Upper anterior occlusal; DPT: Dental panoramic tomographs