Table 4.
Summaries of the characteristics of the studies
| Study | Sample size (n) | Type of the teeth | Type of intervention | Type of calcium hydroxide | Placement method of calcium hydroxide score | Verification of calcium hydroxide placement | Irrigation method | Evaluation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alturaiki S et al., 2015 | 70 | Single-rooted teeth | Conventional irrigation | Paste form | Lentulospiral | Radiographs | 1 ml 0.5% NaOCl, 3 ml 18% EDTA | Scanning electron microscopy |
| Endoactivator | ||||||||
| Ultrasonic irrigation | ||||||||
| Endovac | ||||||||
| Turker S et al., 2013 | 60 | Mandibular canine | Conventional irrigation | N/A | Lentulospiral | N/A | Conventional irrigation, Endovac, Sonic agitation (SAF) 10 ml of 2.5% NaOCl Canal brush irrigation: 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl | Scanning electron microscopy |
| Canal brush irrigation | ||||||||
| Endovac | ||||||||
| Sonic agitation (SAF) | ||||||||
| Al-Garni et al., 2014 | 44 | Single-rooted mandibular premolars | Hand file irrigation | Premixed solution | Lentulo spiral | Radiographs | 5 ml of 5.25% NaOCl, 5 ml of 17% EDTA | Scanning electron microscopy |
| Endoactivator | ||||||||
| Ahmetoglu F et al., 2013 | 30 | mandibular premolars | Endovac | Paste form | Master apical file | Radiographs | 10 ml of 5% NaOCl | Scanning electron microscopy |
| PUI | ||||||||
| Needle irrigation | ||||||||
| Capar I et al., 2014 | 88 | Single-rooted mandibular premolars | SAF | N/A | N/A | Digital photograph | 10 ml of 2.5% NaOCl, 17% EDTA for 2 min | Stereomicroscope |
| Endovac | ||||||||
| PUI | ||||||||
| Li et al., 2015 | 24 | Maxillary first premolars | Needle irrigation | Premixed | Lentulo spiral | N/A | 2 ml of 3% NaOCl, for 60 s | Scanning electron microscopy |
| Endoactivator | injectable | |||||||
| Ultrasonic irrigation | ||||||||
| PIPS irrigation | ||||||||
| Khaleel H et al., 2013 | 45 | Single-rooted teeth | Needle irrigation | Powder and distilled water | Lentulo spiral | Radiographs | 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl, 1 ml of 17% EDTA | Stereomicroscope |
| Protaper file | ||||||||
| Endoactivator | ||||||||
| Ultrasonic irrigation | ||||||||
| Arslan H et al., 2014 | 48 | Single-rooted mandibular premolars | Needle irrigation | Powder and distilled water | N/A | N/A | 5 ml of 17% EDTA | Stereomicroscope |
| PIPS irrigation | ||||||||
| Ultrasonic irrigation | ||||||||
| Endoactivator | ||||||||
| Topcuoglu H et al., 2015 | 100 | Single-rooted teeth | Conventional irrigation | Powder and distilled water | Lentulo spiral | N/A | 5 ml of 3% NaOCl, 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 2 min | Stereomicroscope |
| Canal brush irrigation | ||||||||
| PUI | ||||||||
| SAF | ||||||||
| Endoactivator | ||||||||
| Endovac | ||||||||
| Dabhi M et al., 2016 | 60 | Maxillary anteriors | Side-vented needle | Premixed injectable (metapex) | N/A | N/A | 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl for 30 s | Scanning electron microscopy |
| Endoactivator | ||||||||
| Endovac | ||||||||
| Faria G et al., 2014 | 66 | Canines | Conventional irrigation | Paste form | Lentulo spiral | Radiographs | 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl for 30 s | Scanning electron microscopy |
| PUI | ||||||||
| Endovac Endoactivator | ||||||||
| Yucel A et al., 2011 | 47 | Single-rooted teeth | Side-vented needle | Powder and saline solution | Lentulo spiral | Radiographs | 5 ml of 5.25% NaOCl, 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 90 s, 30 s, 1 min | Scanning electron microscopy |
| Endovac | ||||||||
| Proultra piezoflow | ||||||||
| Pabel AK et al., 2017 | 110 | Single-rooted teeth Central and lateral maxillary incisors, canines, premolars |
PUI | Premixed injectable (calxyl) | N/A | Digital photograph | 2 ml 1% NaOCl, 5 ml 17% EDTA | Stereomicroscope |
| RinsEndo | ||||||||
| Endoactivator | ||||||||
| Motor-driven plastic brush (CanalBrush) | ||||||||
| Manual irrigation with syringe |
EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; SAF: Self-adjusting file; NaOCl: sodium hypochlorite; PUI: Passive ultrasonic irrigation; PIPS: Photon-induced photoacoustic streaming; N/A: Not available