Table 1.

Structured C-ICP courses for pregnant women and their companions

Topics	Content/Materials	Teaching Techniques
Required items and danger signs	Review the list of required items for clean childbirth and danger signs	Recall & Summarizing
Signs of labor	(a) regular, progressively painful contractions; (b) lower back pain radiating from fundus; (c) bloody show; (d) rupture of membranes or draining fluid	Recall & Summarizing
Effective pain reduction during labor and childbirth	(a) ambulation in early stage of labor; (b) relaxation and breathing techniques: start with one big breath, then take short and fast breaths; (c) between contractions: take 1–2 deep breaths, relax the body completely as the breath goes out; (d) back rub/massage; (e) frequent urination: every 2 h	Discussion/ Demonstration, Role-play, & Coaching
Effective bearing down during childbirth	(a) positioning: lithotomy (preferred); open legs, holding ankles with back curved and chin on chest; (b) start bearing down when asked to push and stop when contractions end; (c) effective pushing: pushing when feeling contractions; (d) relaxing and panting between contractions; (e) panting by opening mouth when asked during childbirth	A demonstration, Role-play, & Coaching
Expected roles of the pregnant woman when labor starts	(a) recognize normal signs of labor/danger signs and seek help fast; (b) eat adequately warm, soft porridge with enough sugar; (c) walk around in early-stage; (d) empty bladder every 2 h; (e) effective pushing when told	Discussion & Coaching
Expected roles of the birth companion	(a) do not give any local medicine/herbs; (b) stay/support when walking, and reassurance; (c) give back massages; (d) remind the pregnant woman of expected roles; (e) ensure pregnant woman receives assistance on time	Discussion & Coaching