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. 2020 Jan 21;13:36. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-3908-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The spatial scale as driver of variability in the tick microbiome. a The connectivity patterns of the landscape drive the presence/absence of some key hosts and exchange of animals among patches, shaping a variable host composition in each patch. Some patches may be highly connected (wide arrows) while others are poorly connected, blocking the movements of vertebrates. This adds a spatial component to the composition and the variability of the tick microbiome. b The vegetal composition of the habitat may differ and modulate the microclimate, shaping tick density. The figure intends to show a gradient of biomes, in which hosts may be abundant or scarce, or even absent. Ticks also have different survival and questing rates at the small scale of the habitat patch. Such intra-patch spatial diversity shapes an extra variability of the tick microbiome