Table 1.
Characteristics of studies on MRI perfusion in different MS phenotypes
| Study | Group | Demographics | Clinical variables | MRI | Perfusion assessment approach | Brain perfusion differences between phenotypes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessed comparison | Regions | ||||||
| Amann et al., 2012 | RRMS (n = 123) | Age: 42.7±10.6 98 females (80%) | EDSS: 2.6±1.3 dd: 12.7±8.2 | pCASL (1.5T) | ROI-based | CBF: ○SPMS < RRMS (significant only without correcting for T2 lesion volume, age, sex and disease duration) |
Cortical GM |
| SPMS (n = 42) | Age: 54.3±8.3 24 females (57%) | EDSS: 4.6±1.3 dd: 12.7±8.2 | |||||
| Inglese et al., 2008 | RRMS (n = 18) | Age: 48 (31–71) 12 females (66.7%) | EDSS: 1 (0–6.5)b dd: 7.6 (1–34)c | DSC (3T) | ROI-based | CBF: ○RRMS < HC ○ PPMS < HC ○ PPMS < RRMS |
NAWM, DGM NAWM, DGM NAWM, DGM |
| PPMS (n = 14) | Age: 55 (29–75) 7 females (50.0%) | EDSS: 4 (3–7)b dd: 5 (1–19)c | CBV: ○ RRMS < HC ○ PPMS < HC ○ PPMS < RRMS |
NAWM NAWM, DGM NAWM, DGM | |||
| HC (n = 11) | Age: 51 (29–65) 7 females (63.6%) | MTT: No differences | All the ROIs | ||||
| Inglese et al., 2007 | RRMS (n = 11) | Age: 46.2 (31–71) 8 females (73%) | EDSS: 1 (0.0–6.5) dd: 5.0 (1–13) | DSC (3T) | ROI-based | CBF: ○ RRMS < HC ○ PPMS < HC ○ PPMS < RRMS |
Head of caudate, DGM DGM Thalamus, caudate, DGM (trend) |
| PPMS (n = 11) | Age: 53.6 (29–71) 4 females (36%) | EDSS: 4 (3.0–7.0) dd: 4.0 (1–19) | CBV: ○ No RRMS-vs-HC differences ○ SPMS < HC ○ PPMS < RRMS |
All ROIs DGM Thalamus, caudate, DGM (trend) | |||
| HC (n = 11) | Age: 50.8 (29–65) 7 females (64%) | MTT: No differences | All the ROIs | ||||
| Adhja et al., 2006 | RRMS (n = 11) | Age: 46.2 (31–71) 8 females (73%) | EDSS: 1.0 (0.0 –6.5) dd: 5 (1–13) | DSC (3T) | ROI-based | CBF: ○ RRMS < HC ○ PPMS < HC ○ PPMS < RRMS |
All WM ROIs All WM ROIs NAWM (periventricular) |
| PPMS (n = 11) | Age: 53.6 (29–71) 4 females (36%) | EDSS: 4.0 (3.0 –7.0) dd: 4 (1–-19) | CBV: ○ RRMS < HC ○ SPMS < HC ○ PPMS < RRMS |
NAWM (periventricular, frontal, occipital) All WM ROIs NAWM (periventricular, frontal) | |||
| HC (n = 11) | Age: 50.8 (29–65) 7 females (64%) | MTT: No differences | All ROIs | ||||
| Rashid et al., 2004 | RRMS (n = 21) | Age: 38.9 (17–59) 13 females (62%) | EDSS: 2.5 (0–6.5) dd: 10 (1–31) | CASL (1.5T) | ○ ROI-based | CBF: ○ All MS > HC ○ RRMS+SPMS > HC ○ RRMS without therapy > HC ○ RRMS > HC ○ No PPMS-vs-HC differences ○ Benign MS > HC (trend) |
WM WM WM |
| SPMS (n =14) | Age: 51.2 (30–65) 11 females (79%) | EDSS: 6.0 (2–8) dd: 18 (7–40) | WM WH |
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| PPMS (n =12) | Age: 55.7 (40–69) 7 females (58%) | EDSS: 6.5 (3.5–8.5) dd: 16 (8–34) | WM | ||||
| Benign MS (n =13) | Age: 52.6 (40–60) 8 females (62%) | EDSS: 2.5 (1–3) dd: 24 (20–36) | ○ Voxel-wise | CBF: ○ No RRMS vs. others differences ○ RRMS without therapy > HC ○ SPMS > HC ○ SPMS < HC ○ PPMS < HC ○ Benign MS < HC |
Whole brain | ||
| HC (n = 34) | Age: 40.7 (20–67) 19 females (56%) | WM region adjacent to the L precentral and superior temporal gyrus R frontal subcortical WM thalami, caudate, middle frontal and precentral and postcentral gyri, inferior parietal areas, superior frontal and medial gyrus, precuneus, cingulate gyri, paracentral lobule L superior parietal lobule, subgyral areas thalami, caudate, middle frontal, precentral and postcentral gyri, inferior parietal areas, superior frontal and medial gyrus Thalami, caudate, middle frontal, precentral and postcentral gyri, inferior parietal areas |
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Age and dd are expressed in years. Values are provided as mean ± standard deviation or median (range). The percentage of females out of the total number of subjects is reported in parenthesis after the female number. CBF: Cerebral blood flow; CBV: cerebral blood volume; dd: disease duration; DGM: deep gray matter; DSC: dynamic susceptibility contrast; EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale; HC: healthy controls; GM: gray matter; L: left; MS: multiple sclerosis; MSFC: Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite Measure (including leg function evaluated by the timed 25-foot walk (25FTW), nine-hole peg test (9HPT), and three-second paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT3)); MTT: mean transit time; NAGM: normal appearing gray matter; n: number; NAWM: normal-appearing white matter; PASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; PPMS: primary progressive multiple sclerosis; pCASL: pseudo Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling; R: right; ROI: region of interest; RRMS: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; WML: white matter lesions; SPMS: secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.