Table 2.

Phytochemical effects on human heart failure models.

Overall population	Study	Setting	Phytochemical class	Dose	Treatment	Molecular effects	Cardiovascular effects	References
26 M 15 F	RDBPC	Prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension in overweight or obese subjects	Quercetin	325 mg twice day	4 weeks	No effect on oxidative stress	↓ SBP ↓ DBP	Edwards RL. et al. 2007 [149]
34 M 34 F	RDBPC	Prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension	Quercetin	162 mg/day	6 weeks	No effect on oxidative stress and endothelial function	↓ SBP	Brull V. et al. 2015 [150]
36 M 49 F	RCT	Stable CAD	Quercetin	121 mg twice per day	9 weeks	↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-10	↑ LVEF, ↑ E/A	Chekalina N.et al. 2018 [153]
69 M 61 F	RDBPC	CABG patients	Quercetin	4 g/day	8 days	↓ CRP, MDA, NT-proBNP	↑ LVEF,↓ post-MI CABG	Wongcharoen W. et al. 2012 [154]
64 M 9 F	RTBPC	Stable CAD	Resveratrol	350 mg/day; 700 mg/day	12 months	↓ PAI-1, ↑ adiponectin	Not mentioned	Tome-Carniero J. et al. 2013 [156]
71 M 45 F	RDBPC	Stable angina pectoris	Resveratrol/calcium fructoborate	20 mg/112 mg/day	6 months	↓ hsCRP	↓ NT-proBNP	Militaru C. et al. 2013 [157]
26 M 4 F	RDBPC	Stable CAD	Resveratrol	10 mg/day	3 months	No effect on inflammation	↑ FMD, ↑ E/A	Magyar K. et al. 2012 [158]
17 M 3 F	RCT	Chronic HFrEF	Flavonol-rich chocolate	40 g/day	4 weeks	No effect on oxidative stress	↑ FMD	Flammer EJ. et al. 2012 [159]

M: males; F: females; RDBPC: randomized double-blinded placebo controlled study; RCT: randomized controlled trial; CAD: coronary artery disease; MI: myocardial infarction; CAGB: coronary artery graft bypass; HFrEF: heart failure reduced ejection fraction; TNF-α . tumor necrosis factor alpha; CRP: C-reactive protein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MDA: malondialdehyde; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; FMD: flow-mediated dilatation.