Table 2:
Procedural parameters, complications, follow-up, and outcome
| Parameter | No. (relative frequency) / Mean ± SD |
|---|---|
| Selected feeder for embolization | |
| Middle meningeal artery | 86 (65.2%) |
| Occipital artery | 31 (23.5%) |
| Others | 14 (10.6%) |
| No. of embolization positions | |
| 1 | 103 (78.0%) |
| 2 | 24 (18.2%) |
| 3 | 4 (3.0%) |
| Embolization technique | |
| Onyx transarterial | 76 (57.6%) |
| Onyx transarterial combined with venous balloon protection | 28 (21.2%) |
| Onyx transarterial with a dual-lumen balloon catheter | 19 (14.4%) |
| Onyx transvenous combined with coiling | 3 (2.3%) |
| Others | 7 (5.3%) |
| Complications | |
| Overall complications | 11 (8.3%) |
| Asymptomatic complications | 6 (4.5%) |
| Transient symptomatic complications | 3 (2.3%) |
| Permanent complicationsa | 2 (1.5%) |
| Follow-up | |
| Follow-up period (mo) | 23.6 ± 23.5 |
| Total follow-up time (patient yr) | 216.3 |
| Angiographic outcome | |
| Initial complete angiographic occlusion | 86 (78.2%) |
| Spontaneous occlusion after subtotal endovascular occlusion | 14 (12.7%) |
| Time period from last treatment to diagnosis of spontaneous occlusion (months) | 6.6 ± 8.1 |
| Overall complete occlusion at last examination | 100 (90.9%) |
| Recurrence | 4 (3.6%) |
| Clinical outcome | |
| Preinterventional mRS score | 0.8 ± 0.9 |
| Postinterventional mRS score at discharge | 0.7 ± 1.1 |
| Postinterventional mRS score at 6 mo after treatment | 0.4 ± 0.9 |
| Complete symptom remission after treatment | 73 (66.4%) |
| Symptom relief after treatment | 32 (29.1%) |
| Stable symptoms after treatment | 3 (2.7%) |
| Worsening of symptoms after treatment | 2 (1.8%) |
| Treatment successb | 90 (81.8%) |
a
Both permanent complications were lethal intracerebral hemorrhages.
b
Defined as complete symptom remission for low-grade DAVFs (no cortical venous reflux/Cognard I–IIa) and complete angiographic occlusion for high-grade DAVFs (to presence of cortical venous reflux/Cognard IIa+b to IV).