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. 2019 Nov 4;14(2):544–559. doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0542-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Density plots for degree and specialization indices for the bipartite networks in PIDA. a Degree (number of links/edges/interactions) for predators, hosts of parasites, hosts of symbionts, and hosts of interactors in the bipartite networks. b Specialization index d’ (Kullback–Leibler distance) [35], for predators, hosts of parasites, hosts of symbionts, and host of interactors. The specialization index d’ ranges from 0 for the most generalized to 1 for the most specialized. c Degree (number of links/edges/interactions) for prey, parasites, symbionts, and interactors. d Specialization index d’ for prey, parasites, symbionts, and interactors