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. 2020 Jan 22;10:950. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56659-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of the observation and threshold tasks in Experiment 5. Change of aim point (mean endpoint) when observing the performance of the risk-averse opponent (A) and attempting to exceed the required total score. (B) Data is averaged across the subjects, and the shaded area denotes the standard error of the mean. The horizontal dashed line indicates the observed mean endpoint at the baseline (50 trials). Unlike the competition with the risk-averse opponent, the change of the aim point was not induced solely by observing the opponent’s performance or achieving the required total score.