Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of all mother-child pairs and group comparison according to birth weight for gestational age; Data are given as mean ± SD or %; SGA = small for gestational age; AGA = appropriate for gestational age; LGA = large for gestational age; BMI = body mass index; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure.
| Parameter | All samples | SGA | AGA | LGA | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1023) | (N = 127) | (N = 796) | (N = 100) | ||
| Placental methylation (%) | 3.01 ± 0.47 | 2.99 ± 0.41 | 2.99 ± 0.47 | 3.19 ± 0.54 | <0.001 |
| Age of the mother (years) | 30.0 ± 5.9 | 29.6 ± 5.9 | 30.0 ± 5.9 | 31.0 ± 5.7 | 0.161 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 4.6 | 22.2 ± 4.0 | 23.1 ± 4.5 | 25.1 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
| SBP 3rd trimester (mmHg) | 116.3 ± 11.2 | 114.8 ± 12.3 | 116.4 ± 10.9 | 117.6 ± 11.7 | 0.162 |
| DBP 3rd trimester (mmHg) | 70.5 ± 7.6 | 70.3 ± 8.9 | 70.5 ± 7.4 | 70.3 ± 7.5 | 0.901 |
| Smoking before pregnancy (%) | 36.3 | 41.3 | 35.9 | 33.0 | 0.393 |
| Diabetes before pregnancy (%) | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.092 |
| Diabetes during pregnancy (%) | 6.3 | 7.1 | 4.9 | 16.0 | 0.001 |
| Diabetes in family (%) | 36.6 | 43.4 | 35.5 | 36.2 | 0.312 |
| Ethnicity (Caucasian/other; %) | 93.3/6.7 | 89.8/10.1 | 93.6/6.4 | 95.0/5.0 | 0.214 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 38.8 ± 2.0 | 38.2 ± 2.3 | 38.9 ± 2.0 | 38.7 ± 2.2 | 0.002 |
| Child birth weight (g) | 3355.4 ± 630.1 | 2515.2 ± 355.3 | 3380.0 ± 493.1 | 4226.9 ± 554.4 | <0.001 |
| Child head circumference (cm) | 34.7 ± 1.7 | 32.9 ± 1.5 | 34.8 ± 1.5 | 36.3 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Child birth length (cm) | 50.7 ± 3.2 | 47.3 ± 3.1 | 50.9 ± 2.8 | 53.5 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Sex of the child (m/f; %) | 52.3/47.7 | 34.6/65.4 | 53.0/47.0 | 69.0/31.0 | <0.001 |