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. 2019 Oct 30;14(2):492–505. doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0545-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Schematic view representing the effect of a major bottleneck on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. orzyzae (Xoo) populations during the Green Revolution. Before the Green Revolution, Xa4 activity appears to be present in low frequency within traditional rice landraces. Therefore, a mixture of Xa4 virulent (vir) and Xa4 avirulent (avir) populations was expected to occur (colored dots). With the increasing adoption of Xa4-containing varieties, a major bottleneck forced avirulent populations to go extinct (dark blue dots) while virulent populations adapted and expanded (light blue dots). Furthermore, previously undetected virulent populations also emerged in the archipelago (green dots)