legend: A) Neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity B) Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) levels. ARPE-19 cells treated with 1 μl/ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); 0.5 mM taurohyodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA); 10 μg/ml tunicamycin (TM) and 10 μg/ml TM + 0.5 mM TUDCA for 24 h. All values are mean ± SD. Data shown are representative of 8 separate experiments. Statistical analysis for SMase measurements were by One Way Analysis of Variance and all pairwise multiple comparison procedures were done by Tukey test.*, p < 0,001 vs. control and DMSO. #, p < 0,001 vs. TUDCA and TM. Statistical analysis for C1P measurements were by Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance and all pairwise multiple comparison procedures were done by Tukey test. ##, p < 0,05 vs. control, DMSO and TUDCA.