Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Controls (n = 46) | Combined patient group (n = 168) | Comparison between combined patient group and controls: statistics (χ2/t/U), p-value | SR (n = 63) | Comparison between controls and SR: statistics (χ2/t/U), p-value | ND (n = 52) | Comparison between controls and ND: statistics (χ2/t/U), p-value | CM (n = 53) | Comparison between controls and CM: statistics (χ2/t/U), p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age (years), median (range) | 33 (20–75) | 34 (18–74) | U = 3697, p = 0.654 | 40 (19–73) | U = 1221, p = 0.162 | 33 (19–74) | U = 1152, p = 0.754 | 31 (18–64) | U = 1202, p = 0.905 |
| Sex,%male (M/F) | 50% (23/23) | 58.9% (99/69) | χ2 = 1.18, p = 0.278 | 54% (34/29) | χ2 = 0.17, p = 0.682 | 63.5% (33/19) | χ2 = 1.81, p = 0.179 | 60.4% (32/21) | χ2 = 1.07, p = 0.300 |
| Level of education (4 Levels) | |||||||||
| No (n = ..) | 0 | 6 | χ2 = 3.15, p = 0.369 | 2 | χ2 = 10.21, p = 0.147 | 2 | χ2 = 2.81, p = 0.421 | 2 | χ2 = 8.14, p = 0.043* |
| Low (n = ..) | 3 | 19 | 9 | 5 | 5 | ||||
| Middle (n = ..) | 22 | 80 | 19 | 26 | 35 | ||||
| High (n = ..) | 21 | 62 | 33 | 18 | 11 | ||||
| Time of day of cortisol sampling | |||||||||
| Cortisol sample 1, median (range) | 14:48 (11:37 – 19:46) | 14:55 (11:41 – 18:51) | U = 3450, p = 0.626 | 14:47 (11:41 – 18:09) | U = 1291, p = 0.808 | 14:59 (12:18 – 18:51) | U = 934, p = 0.155 | 14:49 (11:55 – 17:20) | U = 1152, p = 0.894 |
| Cortisol sample 2, median (range) | 16:48 (13:30 – 21:55) | 16:53 (13:45 – 20:41) | U = 3608, p = 0.967 | 16:57 (13:45 – 20:20) | U = 1273, p = 0.721 | 16:54 (14:20 – 20:41) | U = 1012, p = 0.398 | 16:44 (13:48 – 19:21) | U = 1126, p = 0.748 |
| Current diagnosis | |||||||||
| Stress-related disorders | |||||||||
| Depressive episode (n = ..) | – | 77 | 50 | – | 27 | ||||
| Dysthymia (n = ..) | – | 20 | 10 | – | 10 | ||||
| Panic disorder (n = ..) | – | 13 | 8 | – | 5 | ||||
| Agoraphobia (n = ..) | – | 1 | 1 | – | 0 | ||||
| Social phobia (n = ..) | – | 18 | 9 | – | 9 | ||||
| Specific phobia (n = ..) | – | 5 | 2 | – | 3 | ||||
| OCD (n = ..) | – | 8 | 2 | – | 6 | ||||
| PTSD (n = ..) | – | 4 | 2 | – | 2 | ||||
| GAD (n = ..) | – | 10 | 6 | – | 4 | ||||
| Anxiety disorder NOS (n = ..) | – | 6 | 1 | – | 5 | ||||
| (hypo)mania (n = ..) | – | 2 | 1 | – | 1 | ||||
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | |||||||||
| ADHD (n = ..) | – | 67 | – | 36 | 31 | ||||
| ASD (n = ..) | – | 57 | – | 24 | 33 | ||||
| Current medication use + | |||||||||
| Antidepressant (n = ..) | 0 | 57 | 28 | 9 | 20 | ||||
| Mood stabilizer (n = ..) | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Antipsychotic (n = ..) | 0 | 16 | 11 | 1 | 4 | ||||
| Stimulantium (n = ..) | 0 | 21 | 3 | 9 | 9 | ||||
| Benzodiazepines (daily use) (n = ..) | 0 | 16 | 10 | 2 | 4 | ||||
| Other psychopharmaca (n = …) ‡ | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Abbreviations: CM: comorbidity group, F: female, M: male, ND: neurodevelopmental group, SR: stress-related group.
χ2:: Pearson's Chi square (2-tailed), t = independent t-test (2-tailed), U: Mann-Whitney-U test (2-tailed).
⁎
p<0.05, + number of subjects using the type of medication stated below, ‡ other psychopharmaca include: melatonin and pregabalin.