. 2020 Jan 20;8:e8410. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8410

Table 6. Fold changes in virulence gene expression in Salmonella Typhi in the presence of different inhibitory concentration of cell-free culture supernatant from Weissella confusa WM36.

Values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of duplicate. The fold-change of virulence gene was analyzed using the comparative Ct method. The values derived from 2^−∆∆Ct represent fold changes of samples in the abundance relative to the control sample (reference sample). The control sample has the 2^−∆∆Ct value of one. The fold changes of each gene expression were used to compare between treatments and control. If others showed <1 indicates the level of gene expression is decreased or if >1 indicates that the level of gene expression is increased. All superscripts represented in the same gene, which indicated significant difference (p < 0.05) between treatments and control.

Genes	Fold change
Genes	Control	10%	20%	MIC (40%)
hilA	1^a	0.68 ± 0.05^a	0.65 ± 0.16^a	0.69 ± 0.21^a
hilD	1^a	0.69 ± 0.01^b	0.59 ± 0.07^b	0.40 ± 0.01^c
sopB	1^a	0.83 ± 0.05^b	0.28 ± 0.03^c	0.12 ± 0.01^d
sopE2	1^a	0.51 ± 0.02^b	0.03 ± 0.01^c	0.02 ± 0.002^c
sipA	1^a	0.59 ± 0.00^b	0.29 ± 0.08^c	0.17 ± 0.05^c
sipC	1^a	0.81 ± 0.02^b	0.83 ± 0.03^b	0.17 ± 0.02^c
invF	1^a	0.09 ± 0.01^b	0.04 ± 0.002^c	0.02 ± 0.00^c
sptP	1^a	0.82 ± 0.01^b	0.62 ± 0.03^c	0.13 ± 0.02^d
sdiA	1^a	0.79 ± 0.34^b	0.73 ± 0.01^b	0.15 ± 0.01^c
luxS	1^a,b	1.18 ± 0.19^b	1.49 ± 0.16^b	0.60 ± 0.04^a