Fig. 3.

Excitatory renal reflex (ERR) induced by capsaicin at different sites in the kidney. Capsaicin (1 nmol/min for 20 min) was infused into the right kidney to induce reflex changes in the contralateral renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR). A Effects of capsaicin at different depths in the kidney (1 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm below the lateral surface). B Effects of capsaicin at different locations in the kidney (upper, lateral, and lower parts, 2 mm below the surface). Values are the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs Ctrl; ^†P < 0.05 vs 1 mm; ^‡P < 0.05 vs 2 mm. n = 6 per group.