Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients
| Characteristic | DAPA (n = 36) | Placebo (n = 36) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (years) | 57.25 ± 8.49 | 58.00 ± 7.32 | 0.689 |
| Sex(male/female) | 28 (77.8)/8 (22.2) | 27 (75)/9 (25) | 0.5 |
| Race | |||
| Malayasian | 24 (66.7) | 17 (47.2) | 0.12 |
| Chinese | 5 (13.9) | 4 (8.3) | |
| Indian | 7 (19.4) | 15 (41.7) | |
| Duration of DM, years | 8.94 ± 6.62 | 10.72 ± 6.58 | 0.26 |
| Current smokers | 6 (16.7) | 3 (8.4) | 0.288 |
| On metformin | 33 (91.7) | 32 (88.9) | 0.689 |
| IHD >2VD | 22 (61.1) | 24 (66.7) | 0.49 |
| Treatment IHD | |||
| CABG | 7 (19.4) | 13 (36.1) | |
| Stent | 14 (38.9) | 19 (52.7) | |
| Medical therapy | 15 (41.7) | 4 (11.1) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.49 ± 4.10 | 29.85 ± 4.23 | 0.021 |
| Weight, kg | 76.18 ± 9.08 | 79.4 ± 14.60 | 0.352 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 96.10 ± 8.28 | 97.59 ± 8.56 | 0.455 |
| SBP, mmHg | 140.92 ± 22.07 | 141.06 ± 21.61 | 0.978 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78.31 ± 11.17 | 77.86 ± 12.78 | 0.875 |
| HbA1c, % | 9.66 ± 1.86 | 9.31 ± 1.58 | 0.397 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 10.69 ± 4.551 | 9.58 ± 4.024 | 0.275 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85.24 ± 18.69 | 82.31 ± 15.66 | 0.474 |
| Diabetic nephropathy, n | 22 (61.1) | 18 (50) | 0.341 |
| UACR 30–299 mg/g | 17 (48.6) | 14 (38.9) | 0.477 |
| UACR ≥ 300 mg/g | 5 (13.9) | 3 (8.3) | 0.478 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.23 ± 1.10 | 4.30 ± 1.22 | 0.779 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.28 ± 1.09 | 2.38 ± 1.07 | 0.695 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.13 ± 0.29 | 1.13 ± 0.25 | 0.991 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.04 ± 1.09 | 1.98 ± 0.87 | 0.811 |
| Total unit of insulin, IU | 50.17 ± 31.63 | 64.92 ± 45.65 | 0.166 |
| History of dyslipidemia | 6 (16.7) | 4 (11.1) | 0.734 |
| History of hypertension | 15 (41.7) | 11 (30.6) | 0.462 |
Data are expressed as numbers (%), mean ± standard deviation. P values are results of t test for continuous data, and Fisher’s exact test for categorical data.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; C, cholesterol; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; DAPA, dapagliflozin; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IHD, Ischaemic heart disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure, UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. HDL; high-density lipoprotein, LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VD, vessel disease.