Table 4.
Changes in Endothelial Function and Surrogate Markers
| DAPA (n = 36) | Placebo (n = 36) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMD, % | |||
| Baseline | 11.22 ± 8.34 | 11.49 ± 5.84 | 0.792 |
| Week 12 | 11.41 ± 6.87 | 9.84 ± 5.25 | 0.281 |
| Change | 0.19 ± 10.38 | -1.36 ± 7.76 | 0.400 |
| P value within group | 0.91 | 0.21 | |
| NMD, % | |||
| Baseline | 19.62 ± 11.27 | 16.83 ± 8.39 | 0.238 |
| Week 12 | 19.64 ± 9.71 | 15.11 ± 8.44 | 0.038 |
| Change | 0.018 ± 12.20 | -1.73 ± 8.81 | 0.489 |
| P value within group | 0.99 | 0.248 | |
| ICAM-1, ng/ml | |||
| Baseline | 381.1 ± 144.3 | 335.4 ± 98.6 | 0.123 |
| Week 12 | 297.2 ± 17.17 | 324.4 ± 166.5 | 0.558 |
| Change | -83.9 ± 205.9 | -11.0 ± 169.1 | 0.107 |
| P value within group | 0.021 | 0.699 | |
| eNOS, pg/ml | |||
| Baseline | 1.26 ± 0.37 | 1.22 ± 0.39 | 0.651 |
| Week 12 | 1.29 ± 0.26 | 1.32 ± 0.18 | 0.683 |
| Change | 0.02 ± 0.51 | 0.13 ± 0.45 | 0.309 |
| P value within group | 0.685 | 0.258 | |
| Lp(a), g/L | |||
| Baseline | 27.6 (62.5) | 21.6 (33.8) | 0.451 |
| Week 12 | 33.5(114.15) | 13.7 (72) | 0.08 |
| Change | 1.15 (100.2) | 0.1 (61.6) | 0.851 |
| P value within group | 0.382 | 0.71 | |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | |||
| Baseline | 1.93 (5.29) | 2.7 (2.74) | 0.503 |
| Week 12 | 6.03 (9.36) | 2.96 (4.47) | 0.237 |
| Change | 2.9 (6.97) | 0.12(1.97) | 0.043 |
| P value within group | 0.009 | 0.221 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation (n) and median (IQR). P values within groups are results of a paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. P values among groups are results of independent sample t test.
Abbreviations: DAPA, dapagliflozin; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FMD, flow‐mediated vasodilatation; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); NMD, nitroglycerin‐mediated vasodilatation = endothelial independent dilation.