Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 73 HIV-infected neonates initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) within 14 days of life at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa between March 1, 2015 and September 30, 2017.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 73) | Initiated ART <48 h (N = 46) | Initiated ART 2–14 days (N = 27) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, N (%) | ||||
| Male | 39 (53.4) | 26 (56.5) | 13 (48.2) | 0.628 |
| Female | 34 (46.6) | 20 (43.5) | 14 (51.9) | |
| Birth Weight (grams), Range | 905–4150 | 1860–4150 | 905–3890 | |
| Birth Weight (grams), Mean (SD) | 2820 (602) | 2954 (477) | 2592 (723) | 0.026 |
| Birth Weight (grams), N (%) | ||||
| <2500 | 16 (21.9) | 6 (13.0) | 10 (37.0) | 0.075 |
| 2500–3000 | 29 (39.7) | 20 (43.5) | 9 (33.3) | |
| ≥3000 | 28 (38.4) | 20 (43.5) | 8 (29.6) | |
| Gestational age by Ballard (weeks), N (%) | ||||
| ≥37 weeks (term) | 63 (86.3) | 44 (95.6) | 19 (70.4) | 0.004 |
| <37 weeks (pre-term) | 10 (13.7) | 2 (4.4) | 8 (29.6) | |
| Mode of delivery, N (%) | ||||
| Vaginal | 55 (75.3) | 38 (82.6) | 17 (63.0) | 0.091 |
| Caesarean | 18 (24.7) | 8 (17.4) | 10 (37.0) | |
| Ever breastfed, N (%) | ||||
| Yes | 57 (78.1) | 39 (84.8) | 18 (66.7) | 0.085 |
| No | 16 (21.9) | 7 (15.2) | 9 (33.3) | |
| Infant prophylaxis, N (%) | ||||
| None | 2 (2.7) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (3.7) | |
| Nevirapine only | 67 (91.8) | 45 (97.8) | 22 (81.5) | 0.016 |
| Nevirapine + Zidovudine | 4 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (14.8) | |
| Pre-treatment Viral load (copies/ml), Median (IQR) | 31,445 (5355–290,807) | 35,071 (5370–267,000) | 12,335 (1124–454,790) | 0.780 |
| Age when pre-treatment Viral load measured (days), Median (IQR) | 1 (1–4) | 1 (1–1) | 7 (4–8) | <0.001 |
| Pre-treatment Viral load (copies/ml), N (%) | ||||
| <400 | 9 (13.0) | 5 (10.9) | 4 (17.4) | 0.271 |
| 400–1000 | 4 (5.8) | 3 (6.5) | 1 (4.4) | |
| 1000–10,000 | 10 (14.5) | 6 (13.0) | 4 (17.4) | |
| 10,000–100,000 | 20 (29.0) | 14 (30.4) | 6 (26.1) | |
| 100,000–1000,000 | 18 (26.1) | 15 (32.6) | 3 (13.0) | |
| ≥1000,000 | 8 (11.6) | 3 (6.5) | 5 (21.7) | |
| Pre-treatment CD4+ T-cell count (cells/mm3), Median (IQR) | 1823 (1474–2372) | 1819 (1474–2442) | 1875 (1182–2372) | 0.926 |
| Pre-treatment CD4+ T-cell percentage (%), Median (IQR) | 40.6 (32.2–49.8) | 39.9 (32.2–48.8) | 47.4 (30.9–51.8) | 0.354 |
| Pre-treatment CD4+ T-cell percentage (%), N (%) | ||||
| <25 (severe) | 6 (9.8) | 3 (7.1) | 3 (15.8) | 0.296 |
| 25–30 (advanced) | 6 (9.8) | 6 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 30–35 (mild) | 9 (14.8) | 6 (14.3) | 3 (15.8) | |
| >35 (none or not significant) | 40 (65.6) | 27 (64.3) | 13 (68.4) | |
| Mother age (years), Mean (SD) | 28.4 (6.0) | 28.4 (5.7) | 28.4 (6.7) | 0.976 |
| Maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) category, N (%) | ||||
| ART started before pregnancy and continued | 12 (16.4) | 6 (13.0) | 6 (22.2) | 0.276 |
| ART started during pregnancy, ≥12 weeks | 20 (27.4) | 15 (32.6) | 5 (18.5) | |
| ART started during pregnancy, <12 weeks | 25 (34.3) | 14 (30.4) | 11 (40.7) | |
| ART started during pregnancy, unknown time | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.7) | |
| No ART up until delivery | 15 (20.6) | 11 (23.9) | 4 (14.8) | |
| Maternal ART regimen at delivery, N (%) | ||||
| Efavirenz-based | 56 (76.7) | 35 (76.1) | 21 (77.8) | 0.134 |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir-based | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (7.4) | |
| No ART before delivery | 15 (20.6) | 11 (23.9) | 4 (14.8) | |
| Maternal Viral load closest to birth (copies/ml), Median (IQR) | 38,459 (1760–104,538) | 31,433 (1292–104,538) | 50,400 (1760–125,515) | 0.547 |
| Maternal CD4+ T-cell count closest to birth (cells/mm3), Median (IQR) | 327 (207–567) | 357 (231–603) | 259 (128–480) | 0.097 |
| Maternal CD4+ T-cell count closest to birth (cells/mm3), N (%) | ||||
| <200 | 17 (23.3) | 8 (17.4) | 9 (33.3) | 0.500 |
| 200–349 | 23 (31.5) | 15 (32.6) | 8 (29.6) | |
| 350–499 | 13 (17.8) | 9 (19.6) | 4 (14.8) | |
| >500 | 20 (27.4) | 14 (30.4) | 6 (22.2) |
Denominators are as shown.
Abbreviations: Antiretroviral treatment (ART), Standard deviation (SD), Inter-quartile range (IQR).