Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of the study population
| Control (n = 32) | Case (n = 16) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 29.69 (5.03) | 30.31 (6.93) | 0.723 |
| BMI, grouped according to World Health Organisation | |||
| 0– < 18.5, underweight | 0 | 1 (6.2) | 0.555 |
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25, normal weight | 16 (50.0) | 7 (43.8) | |
| ≥ 25 and < 30, overweight | 8 (25.0) | 4 (25.0) | |
| ≥ 30, obese | 8 (25.0) | 4 (25.0) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 32 (100) | 16 (100) | NA |
| Asian | 0 | 0 | |
| Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | |
| Maori | 0 | 0 | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 1 (3.1) | 6 (37.5) | 0.006 |
| Married | 21 (65.6) | 7 (43.8) | |
| Stable relationship | 10 (31.3) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Years of schooling | 14 (13–14) | 13.5 (13–14) | 0.801 |
| Years of schooling, in groups | |||
| < 12 years | 0 | 2 (12.5) | 0.120 |
| 12 or 13 years | 15 (46.9) | 6 (37.5) | |
| > 13 years | 17 (53.1) | 8 (50.0) | |
| Job situation | |||
| Full time work | 25 (78.1) | 12 (75.0) | 0.130 |
| Part time work | 4 (12.5) | 0 | |
| Homemaker | 2 (6.3) | 0 | |
| Unemployed | 1 (3.1) | 2 (12.5) | |
| Student | 0 | 1 (6.3) | |
| Sickness beneficiary | 0 | 1 (6.3) | |
| Socioeconomic index | 45.66 (19.02) | 35.81 (13.31) | 0.044 |
| Smoking status at first visit (15 weeks) | |||
| Never smoked | 23 (71.9) | 10 (62.5) | 0.642 |
| Smoked pre-pregnancy, but quit smoking before pregnant | 0 | 0 | |
| Smoked in pregnancy, but quit before first visit | 6 (18.8) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Smoking at first visit (15 weeks) | 3 (9.4) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Alcohol status at first visit (15 weeks) | |||
| Never consumed alcohol | 3 (9.4) | 3 (18.8) | 0.734 |
| Consumed alcohol pre-pregnancy, but quit before conception | 4 (12.5) | 1 (6.3) | |
| Consumed alcohol in pregnancy, but quit before first visit | 20 (62.5) | 9 (56.3) | |
| Continuing to drink at first visit | 5 (15.6) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Birthweight (g) | 3560 (3385–3775) | 1665 (1102.5–2070) | < 0.001 |
| Customised birthweight centilea | 47.6 (34.18–81.1) | 15.1 (9.03–73.85) | 0.076 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 40.50 (39.79–41.40) | 32.29 (28.75–33.36) | < 0.001 |
Values are shown as mean (SD), median (interquartile range) or n (%)
BMI body mass index, SGA small for gestational age, NA not applicable; all mothers were nulliparous
aCustomised birthweight centile: adjusted for mother’s height, weight at 15 weeks visit, ethnicity, sex and weight of baby and gestation at delivery of baby