Fig. 4. NPY is necessary for the acute insulin resistance upon optogenetic activation of AgRP neurons.

a, b Blood glucose levels in NPY-deficient and control mice during insulin tolerance tests and area under the curve (AUC); n = 15 mice for NPY^wt/wt, n = 17 mice for ChR2^AgRP; NPY^wt/wt and ChR2^AgRP; NPY^Δ/Δ and n = 18 mice for NPY^Δ/Δ). c, d Locomotor activity during optogenetic AgRP neuron stimulation in the presence and in the absence of food is largely independent of NPY expression (n = 7 mice for NPY^wt/wt, NPY^Δ/Δ and ChR2^AgRP; NPY^Δ/Δ and n = 9mice for ChR2^AgRP; NPY^wt/wt). e Locomotor activity one hour prior light illumination of the ARC (pre) and one hour after laser was turned off (post) is similar in all genotypes (n = 7 mice for NPY^wt/wt, NPY^Δ/Δ and ChR2^AgRP; NPY^Δ/Δ, and n = 9 mice for ChR2^AgRP; NPY^wt/wt). Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical analysis is represented by *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01,***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001, and ^####p ≤ 0.0001 as determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test, except in b and d in which a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test was used. # represents comparisons between NPY-expressing and NPY-deficient animals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.