Table 1.
Inclination and deviation of subtalar joint helical axis and comparison with published literature datasets. Data are reported as average (±standard deviation). (n = number of specimens).
| Inclination | Deviation | n | Method | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Manter63)a | 42°(±4.5°) | 16°(±4°) | 16 | Ex vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (Root et al.64)a | 41°(±8.2°) | 17°(±5.2°) | 22 | Ex vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (Close et al.28) | 42°(—b) | 16°(—b) | 8 | In vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (Isman and Inman20)a | 41°(±9°) | 23°(±11°) | 46 | Ex vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (van Langelaa65)a | 41°(±8°) | 22°(±7.1°) | 10 | Ex vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (Lundberg and Svensson18) | 29°(±15°) | 23°(±17.4°) | 8 | In vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (van den Bogert et al.27) | 35°(±4.8°) | 18°(±16.2°) | 14 | In vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (Leardini et al.66) | 53°(±4.2°) | 39°(±3.9°) | 6 | Ex vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (Payne et al.67) | —b | 9°(±4.2°) | 47 | In vivo, footprint |
| (Arndt et al.17) | 34°(±2°) | 20°(±3.7°) | 2 | In vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (Lewis et al.68) | 38°(±6.2°) | 21°(±3.6°) | 6 | Ex vivo, anatomical landmarks |
| (Beimers et al.35) | 51°(±4.3°) | 5°(±7.8°) | 20 | In vivo, simulated load CT |
| (Goto et al.34) | 40°(±8°) | —b | 4 | In vivo, simulated load MRI |
| (Sheehan16) | Variable | Variable | 25 | In vivo, simulated load MRI |
| (Fassbind et al.33) | 43°(±6°) | 20°(±5°) | 10 | In vivo, simulated load MRI |
| (Parr et al.48) | 45°(±3.8°) | 5° (±3.4°) | 58 | Ex vivo, CT reconstruction |
| (Montefiori et al.32) | 41°(±14°) | 27°(±9°) | 38 | In vivo, MRI reconstruction |
| This study | 43°(±5.7°) | 6°(±8.6°) | 16 | In vivo, full weight-bearing CT |
aStandard deviation calculated from reported range of motion (SD = Range/4).
bData not reported.