Table 5.
Panel A: General Health Questionnaire 12 Index (0–12; Higher Indicates Worse Mental Health) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bangladesh |
Ethiopia |
|||||||||
Overall |
Girls |
Boys |
Rural |
Urban |
Overall |
Girls |
Boys |
Rural |
Urban |
|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Standardized index of restrictive gender attitudes (RGAs) | 0.165*** | 0.188*** | 0.160 | 0.008 | 0.218*** | 0.149*** | 0.142*** | 0.155*** | 0.154*** | 0.107* |
(0.055) | (0.061) | (0.099) | (0.072) | (0.068) | (0.037) | (0.044) | (0.049) | (0.041) | (0.062) | |
Standardized index of restrictive gender norms (RGNs) | -0.200*** | -0.217** | -0.195** | 0.227* | -0.316*** | 0.207*** | 0.196*** | 0.213*** | 0.205*** | 0.204*** |
(0.073) |
(0.087) |
(0.096) |
(0.120) |
(0.073) |
(0.044) |
(0.056) |
(0.055) |
(0.050) |
(0.065) |
|
Sample size | 1,613 | 834 | 779 | 451 | 1,162 | 4,857 | 2,706 | 2,151 | 4,119 | 738 |
Adjusted R2 |
0.041 |
0.046 |
0.033 |
0.061 |
0.051 |
0.040 |
0.037 |
0.046 |
0.042 |
0.031 |
Panel B: Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (10–40; Larger Values Equal Higher Self-esteem) | ||||||||||
Bangladesh | Ethiopia | |||||||||
Overall | Girls | Boys | Rural | Urban | Overall | Girls | Boys | Rural | Urban | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
|
Standardized index of RGAs | -0.744*** | -0.955*** | -0.603*** | -0.469 | -0.826*** | -0.687*** | -0.719*** | -0.651*** | -0.658*** | -1.022*** |
(0.126) | (0.170) | (0.194) | (0.324) | (0.128) | (0.074) | (0.084) | (0.091) | (0.080) | (0.155) | |
Standardized index of RGNs | -0.093 | 0.117 | -0.262 | -0.143 | -0.091 | 0.132 | 0.287** | -0.008 | 0.183 | -0.200 |
(0.172) |
(0.285) |
(0.225) |
(0.268) |
(0.200) |
(0.120) |
(0.126) |
(0.150) |
(0.136) |
(0.177) |
|
Sample size | 1,610 | 833 | 777 | 450 | 1,160 | 4,856 | 2,706 | 2,150 | 4,117 | 739 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.068 | 0.072 | 0.070 | 0.044 | 0.079 | 0.076 | 0.077 | 0.077 | 0.067 | 0.119 |
Notes: Regressions are ordinary least squares (OLS) models, with coefficients. All regressions are weighted to make them representative of the target population in the study communities and standard errors are clustered at the community level. The following variables are included as controls in the regression analyses: asset deciles, indicator for having friends that he/she trusts, an index of whether or not he/she talks to her female caregiver about work, education, bulling, or religion (0–4), an indicator variable for whether the adolescent is female, location indicators, an indicator for whether the household had multiple eligible adolescents, and an indicator for whether the adolescent was part of the purposely sampled subset of the data. Parameter estimates statistically different than zero at 99% (***), 95% (**), and 90% (*) confidence.