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. 2019 Nov 20;9:100480. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100480

Table 5.

General health questionnaire 12 and Rosenberg's self-esteem scale.

Panel A: General Health Questionnaire 12 Index (0–12; Higher Indicates Worse Mental Health)
Bangladesh
Ethiopia
Overall
Girls
Boys
Rural
Urban
Overall
Girls
Boys
Rural
Urban
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Standardized index of restrictive gender attitudes (RGAs) 0.165*** 0.188*** 0.160 0.008 0.218*** 0.149*** 0.142*** 0.155*** 0.154*** 0.107*
(0.055) (0.061) (0.099) (0.072) (0.068) (0.037) (0.044) (0.049) (0.041) (0.062)
Standardized index of restrictive gender norms (RGNs) -0.200*** -0.217** -0.195** 0.227* -0.316*** 0.207*** 0.196*** 0.213*** 0.205*** 0.204***
(0.073)
(0.087)
(0.096)
(0.120)
(0.073)
(0.044)
(0.056)
(0.055)
(0.050)
(0.065)
Sample size 1,613 834 779 451 1,162 4,857 2,706 2,151 4,119 738
Adjusted R2
0.041
0.046
0.033
0.061
0.051
0.040
0.037
0.046
0.042
0.031
Panel B: Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (10–40; Larger Values Equal Higher Self-esteem)
Bangladesh Ethiopia
Overall Girls Boys Rural Urban Overall Girls Boys Rural Urban
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Standardized index of RGAs -0.744*** -0.955*** -0.603*** -0.469 -0.826*** -0.687*** -0.719*** -0.651*** -0.658*** -1.022***
(0.126) (0.170) (0.194) (0.324) (0.128) (0.074) (0.084) (0.091) (0.080) (0.155)
Standardized index of RGNs -0.093 0.117 -0.262 -0.143 -0.091 0.132 0.287** -0.008 0.183 -0.200
(0.172)
(0.285)
(0.225)
(0.268)
(0.200)
(0.120)
(0.126)
(0.150)
(0.136)
(0.177)
Sample size 1,610 833 777 450 1,160 4,856 2,706 2,150 4,117 739
Adjusted R2 0.068 0.072 0.070 0.044 0.079 0.076 0.077 0.077 0.067 0.119

Notes: Regressions are ordinary least squares (OLS) models, with coefficients. All regressions are weighted to make them representative of the target population in the study communities and standard errors are clustered at the community level. The following variables are included as controls in the regression analyses: asset deciles, indicator for having friends that he/she trusts, an index of whether or not he/she talks to her female caregiver about work, education, bulling, or religion (0–4), an indicator variable for whether the adolescent is female, location indicators, an indicator for whether the household had multiple eligible adolescents, and an indicator for whether the adolescent was part of the purposely sampled subset of the data. Parameter estimates statistically different than zero at 99% (***), 95% (**), and 90% (*) confidence.