Table 1.
Variables and sources of data.
| Variable | Definition | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| MMR | Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2015 |
| IMR | Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2015 |
| Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Index and Sub-indices | |||
| WPS Index | A composite index measuring women's achievements for the three dimensions of inclusion, justice, and security | WPS Index | 2017 |
| WPS Inclusion Sub-index | |||
| Education | Average number of years of education completed by women aged ≥25 years | UNESCO Institute for Statistics | |
| Financial inclusion | The percentage of women aged ≥15 years who reported having an account alone or jointly at a bank or other type of financial institution or personally using a mobile money service | World Bank Global Findex Database | |
| Employment | The percentage of a country's female population aged ≥25 years that is employed. | ILOSTAT database | |
| Cell phone use | The percentage of women aged ≥15 years responding “Yes” to the Gallup World Poll question: “Do you have a mobile phone that you use to make and receive personal calls?” | Gallup World Poll 2016 | |
| Parliamentary seats | The percentage of seats held by women in lower and upper houses of national parliaments. | Inter-Parliamentary Union | |
| WPS Justice Sub-index | |||
| Legal discrimination | Aggregate score of laws and regulations that limit women's ability to participate in the society or economy or that differentiate between men and women, as measured by Women, Business, and the Law | World Bank, Women, Business, and the Law database | |
| Son bias | Sex ratio at birth (ratio of male births to female births). An excess number of births of boys over girls relative to demographic norms (ratio of 1.05 boys to 1.00 girls) reflects discrimination against girls and women | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2016. 2015 Revision of the World Population Prospects | |
| Discriminatory norms | Percentage of men aged ≥15 years who responded “No” to the Gallup World Poll question: “Is it perfectly acceptable for any woman in your family to have a paid job outside the home if she wants one?” | Gallup, Inc., and International Labour Organization 2017. Towards a Better Future for Women and Work: Voices of Women and Men. | |
| WPS Security Sub-index | |||
| Lifetime intimate partner violence | The percentage of women who have experienced physical or sexual violence committed by their intimate partner | UN Women Global Database on Violence against Women; DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) Program STATcompiler database 2016 and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Asia-Pacific. | |
| Perception of community safety | Percentage of women aged ≥15 years who responded “Yes” to the Gallup World Poll question: “Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?” | Gallup World Poll 2016 | |
| Organized violence | Total number of battle deaths from state-based, non–state based, or one-sided conflicts per 100,000 people | UCDP (Uppsala Conflict Data Program). UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset | |
| National Income/Health Expenditure | |||
| Real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita | GDP per capita (constant, 2010 US$) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2010–2016 |
| Real health expenditure per capita | Health expenditure per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2014 |
| Out of pocket expenditure per capita | Out-of-pocket expenditure per capita in PPP international $ | World Health Organization data repository | 2011–2015 |
| Health expenditure GDP share | Health expenditure, total (% of GDP) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2014 |
| Government | |||
| Political stability | Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and/or politically motivated violence | Worldwide Governance Indicators | 2013–2016 |
| Government effectiveness | Perceptions of the quality of public services, quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, and quality of policy formulation and implementation and the credibility of government commitment to such policies | Worldwide Governance Indicators | 2013–2016 |
| Water/Sanitation | |||
| Improved water source | Improved water source (% of population with access) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2011–2015 |
| Improved sanitation facilities | Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2011–2015 |
| Access to Health Care | |||
| Physician density | Physicians density (per 1000 population) | World Health Organization data repository | 1997–2016 |
| Antenatal care (%), at least one visit | Percentage of women (aged 15–49 years) attended at least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel (doctor, nurse, or midwife) and the percentage attended by any provider at least once | UNICEF State of the World's Children: DHS, MICS and other nationally representative sources. | 2011–2016 |
| Skilled birth attendant (%) | Percentage of births attended by skilled heath personnel (doctor, nurse, or midwife) | UNICEF State of the World's Children: Joint UNICEF/WHO SBA database, November 2017 update, based on DHS, MICS and other nationally representative sources. | 2013–2016 |
| Population/Poverty Line | |||
| Rural Population Share | Rural population (% of total population) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2011–2016 |
| Poverty head count ratio at $1.90 per day | Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 per day (2011 PPP) (% of population) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2008–2015 |
| Family | |||
| Adolescent fertility rate | Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1000 women, aged 15–19 years) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2015 |
| Disease | |||
| HIV prevalence | Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population aged 15–49 years) | World Bank World Development Indicators | 2015 |