TABLE 2.

Summary of the influence of antibodies on fertility.

Antibodies	Female infertility	Art outcome	Treatment
APL	Significantly associated with low levels of AMH (Vega et al., 2016).	Considered as a contraindication for IVF, increases the risk of thrombosis (Khizroeva et al., 2018).	Anticoagulant therapy from the first days of the hormonal protocol.
ANA	Increased prevalence of ovarian failure and infertility (Wilson et al., 1975; Taylor et al., 1989; Reimand et al., 2001).	Associated with higher abnormal fertilization and early miscarriage rates, a detrimental effect on IVF/ICSI outcome (Zhu et al., 2013).	Prednisone plus low-dose aspirin (P + A) adjuvant treatment.
Antitissue	Higher prevalence of anti-smooth muscle antibodies (Wilson et al., 1975; Reimand et al., 2001)
Thyroid anti-immunity	Increases the prevalence of infertility, ovarian failure, and in particular, is related to endometriosis and PCOS.	Significantly increased risk of miscarriage (Poppe and Velkeniers, 2002).	Whether thyroid hormones should be given during pregnancy is still controversial (Poppe et al., 2006).
Anti-ovarian	Higher prevalence of ovarian failure and infertility (Ayesha et al., 2016).	Might be correlated to the prognosis of IVF
Others	Higher prevalence of ASCA (Shoenfeld et al., 2006) and of CD-associated autoantibodies (Vanciková et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2011; Machado et al., 2013; Tersigni et al., 2014).