Table 1. A comprehensive review of empirical work to date on the relationship between human-induced environmental change and corticosterone in birds and reptiles. Results for baseline cort, stress-induced cort and stress response (stress-induced minus baseline) are included for studies that investigated adults (studies on juveniles are not included). The ‘result’ column (decreased/increased/no change) refers to birds exposed to human-induced environmental change, as compared to non-disturbed birds.
| Species | Disturbance type | Cort measure | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ash-throated flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens) |
Noise (natural gas compressor) | Baseline | Decreased in females | Kleist et al. (2018) |
| Eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) |
Noise (natural gas compressor) | Baseline | Decreased in females | Kleist et al. (2018) |
| Mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides) |
Noise (natural gas compressor) | Baseline | Decreased in females | Kleist et al. (2018) |
| European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) |
Noise (tramway) | Baseline | Increased in males and females | Russ et al. (2015) |
| House wren (Troglodytes aedon) |
Noise (traffic) | Baseline | Increased in rural, but not urban, males and females | Davies et al. (2017) |
| European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) |
Noise (traffic) | Baseline | No change in males or female | Russ et al. (2015) |
| Tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) |
Noise (traffic) | Baseline | No change in females | Injaian et al. (2018) |
| Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) |
Noise (traffic) | Baseline | No change in males or females | Potvin and MacDougall-Shackleton (2015) |
| Tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) |
Noise (traffic) | Stress-induced | Increased in females | Injaian et al. (2018) |
| House wren (Troglodytes aedon) |
Noise (traffic) | Stress-induced | No change in rural or urban males and females | Davies et al. (2017) |
| Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) |
Roadway | Baseline | No change in males or females | Baxter-Gilbert et al. (2014) |
| European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) |
ALAN | Baseline | Increased in males and females | Russ et al. (2015) |
| Great tit (Parus major) |
ALAN | Baseline | Increased in males and females | Ouyang et al. (2015) |
| Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) |
ALAN | Baseline | Increased in males and females | Alaasam et al. (2018) |
| House finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) |
Human presence | Baseline | Increased in urban and rural (less so) males and females | Weaver et al. (2018) |
| Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) |
Human presence | Baseline | Increased in males, no change in females | French et al. (2017) |
| Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) |
Human presence | Baseline | No change in males or females | Polich (2016) |