Table 4. β estimates ±95% CIs, calculated using ±1.96 standard error (SE) for each parameter (intercept and fixed effects only) included in the top-ranked model from each analysis.

Model	Parameter *	β estimate	CI	Effective sample size
Global data, avian baseline (n = 487 measures from 79 species)	(intercept)	4.08	2.28, 5.87	4975
	mass	−0.23	−0.50, 0.03	5608
	sex (male)	0.04	−0.06, 0.14	5220
	life history stage (non-breeding)	−0.82	−1.38, −0.22	4719
	max breeding attempts	0.15	−0.13, 0.44	4975
	life history stage (non-breeding) * max breeding attempts	0.24	0.05, 0.43	4729
	temperature	−0.28	−0.49, −0.06	4975
	precipitation	−0.09	−0.25, 0.04	4975
	ALAN	−0.24	−0.58, 0.09	4975
	human footprint index	−0.05	−0.26, 0.15	5474
	human population density	0.08	−0.01, 0.16	4975
Global data, avian stress-induced (n = 278measures from 58 species)	(intercept)	2.21	1.50, 2.98	4876
	baseline cort	0.32	0.26, 0.39	4975
	sex (male)	0.16	0.06, 0.25	4975
	life history stage (non-breeding)	0.20	−0.29, 0.69	4975
	max breeding attempts	0.27	0.10, 0.44	4975
	life history stage (non-breeding)*max breeding attempts	−0.14	−0.30, 0.01	4975
	urban adaptability (avoid)	0.15	−0.04, 0.22	4975
	urban adaptability (exploit)	−0.14	−0.30, 0.01	3979
US data, avian baseline (n = 344 measures from 61 species)	(intercept)	3.14	0.63, 5.50	4700
	mass	−0.19	−0.55, 0.18	5425
	sex (male)	0.06	−0.05, 0.18	4975
	life history stage (non-breeding)	−0.87	−1.60, −0.12	5218
	max breeding attempts	0.12	−0.30, 0.52	4975
	life history stage (non-breeding) * max breeding attempts	0.30	0.07, 0.54	4975
	temperature	−0.23	−0.48, 0.01	4975
	precipitation	−0.06	−0.24, 0.13	4975
	anthropogenic noise	0.18	−0.06, 0.41	4975
	urban adaptability (avoid)	0.85	0.11, 1.62	4975
	urban adaptability (exploit)	0.67	−1.17, 2.49	4772
	anthropogenic noise * urban adaptability (avoid)	−0.36	−0.68, −0.03	4764
	anthropogenic noise*urban adaptability (exploit)	−0.13	−0.84,0.56	4975