Figure 3.

Gaudichaudione H (GH) inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Cells were pretreated with GH for 1 h prior to LPS treatment (1 μg ml⁻¹). The levels of phospho-IκB kinase α/β (p-IKKα/β), IKKα/β, phospho-IκBα (p-IκBα), and IκBα were measured after 15 min of LPS treatment. The levels of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), ERK, phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), JNK, phospho-p38 (p-p38), and p38 were measured after 30 min of LPS treatment. The signaling molecules in the NF-κB pathway (A) and the MAPK pathway (B) were analyzed using Western blot. The values above the bands mean the relative band intensities. β-Actin was used as an internal control. Data were from three independent experiments.