Figure 7.

Fumarate Rescues the Impaired FAMIN-Dependent PNC

(A) OCR of HepG2 cells treated with L-alanosine or vehicle and supplemented with fumarate or malate. Basal OCR followed by (dotted lines) Oligo, FCCP, and Rot + ant (n = 6).

(B) OCR of control and FAMIN-silenced HepG2 cells treated with fumarate (dotted line), malate (dashed line), or vehicle control (solid line + fill). (n = 6).

(C) OCR (left) and ECAR (right) of M0 macrophages treated with fumarate (dotted line) or vehicle (solid line + fill) for 8 h. (n = 3).

(D and E) pH_c measured using pHrodo in M0 (D) or M1 macrophages (E) treated with malate, fumarate, or vehicle. Right and left panel of (E) share same control group (n = 6).

(F) Mitochondrial superoxide measured using mitoSOX in M1 macrophages treated with fumarate or vehicle (n = 12).

(G–J) Labeling of citrate (G), succinate (H, J, and K), and aspartate (I) in M0 and M1 macrophages after a [¹³C₂] fumarate (G–I) or [¹³C₄] fumarate pulse (J and K) (n = 6).

(L) NAD⁺/NADH ratio in M1 macrophages (n = 12).

(M) Fractional labeling of snG-3-P in M1 macrophages after a [¹³C₆] glucose pulse (n = 6).

Data represented as mean ± SEM. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA).