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. 2019 Nov 22;54(2):975–984. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04295

Table 3. Excess Rate of Acute Hospitalizations for Respiratory Infections Associated with Each Interquartile Range Increase in Total PM2.5 or PM2.5 Source Concentrationa.

    Total PM2.5 (in the PMF File)
   Secondary Sulfate (SS)
Outcome Lag N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value   N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia 0 56 181 5.8 0.8 (−0.2, 1.8) 0.130   55 000 2.12 0.8 (0.1, 1.6) 0.018
  0–3 40 554 5.05 0.4 (−1.0, 1.9) 0.580   39 000 2.1 0.4 (−0.8, 1.6) 0.526
  0–6 42 332 4.2 0.1 (−1.4, 1.6) 0.942   40 384 1.65 0.2 (−1.0, 1.4) 0.732
Influenza 0 3246 5.2 6.2 (1.8, 10.8) 0.005   3194 1.58 3.0 (−0.7, 6.8) 0.110
  0–3 1923 7.1 12.2 (0.7, 25.0) 0.038   1854 1.33 5.5 (−0.4, 11.8) 0.067
  0–6 2043 6.78 6.7 (−5.1, 20.0) 0.279   1978 1.25 3.5 (−2.5, 9.9) 0.260
    Spark Ignition Emissions (GAS)
   Diesel (DIE)
Outcome Lag N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value   N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia 0 55 000 2.51 0.2 (−1.8, 2.2) 0.831   55 000 0.58 –0.7 (−1.5, 0.1) 0.083
  0–3 39 000 1.9 0.2 (−2.3, 2.8) 0.867   39 000 0.81 0.2 (−1.7, 2.2) 0.823
  0–6 40 384 1.42 1.0 (−1.3, 3.4) 0.391   40 384 0.91 –1.2 (−3.8, 1.4) 0.354
Influenza 0 3194 2.15 6.0 (−0.1, 12.5) 0.052   3194 0.25 1.1 (−0.8, 3.1) 0.255
  0–3 1854 0.95 –0.1 (−4.5, 4.6) 0.974   1854 0.28 3.7 (−0.5, 8.2) 0.087
  0–6 1978 0.9 2.2 (−2.4, 7.0) 0.353   1978 0.26 1.8 (−2.2, 6.0) 0.386
    Road Dust (RD)
   Secondary Nitrate (SN)
Outcome Lag N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value   N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia 0 55 000 0.3 0.8 (−0.0, 1.6) 0.053   55 000 1.48 0.3 (−0.3, 1.0) 0.324
  0–3 39 000 0.24 1.1 (0.0, 2.2) 0.046   39 000 1.71 0.5 (−0.7, 1.7) 0.396
  0–6 40 384 0.27 1.1 (−0.3, 2.6) 0.136   40 384 1.76 –0.1 (−1.6, 1.5) 0.896
Influenza 0 3194 0.28 –0.7 (−5.3, 4.0) 0.760   3194 2.12 5.0 (0.1, 10.1) 0.043
  0–3 1854 0.21 –4.1 (−10.1, 2.3) 0.207   1854 1.6 5.8 (−1.1, 13.3) 0.101
  0–6 1978 0.16 0.8 (−4.5, 6.4) 0.773   1978 1.71 0.8 (−7.3, 9.6) 0.855
    Pyrolized Organic Rich (OP)
   Fresh Sea Salt (FSS)
Outcome Lag N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value   N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia 0 33 581 1.43 –0.5 (−1.8, 0.8) 0.447   47 231 0.12 –0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) 0.181
  0–3 23 498 0.96 0.8 (−0.6, 2.3) 0.261   35 658 0.17 –0.4 (−0.9, 0.1) 0.097
  0–6 24 517 0.9 0.4 (−1.4, 2.2) 0.650   35 168 0.22 –0.2 (−0.9, 0.5) 0.546
Influenza 0 2868 0.89 –0.0 (−3.8, 3.9) 0.993   2560 0.23 –1.6 (−3.6, 0.5) 0.138
  0–3 1693 0.94 2.5 (−4.8, 10.4) 0.506   1616 0.26 –2.0 (−5.7, 1.9) 0.316
  0–6 1833 0.86 –2.5 (−9.5, 5.0) 0.499   1608 0.29 –4.7 (−9.5, 0.4) 0.072
    Aged Sea Salt (AGS)
   Residual Oil (RO)
Outcome Lag N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value   N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia 0 47 231 0.7 0.2 (−1.0, 1.4) 0.783   47 231 0.85 –1.2 (−2.7, 0.4) 0.137
  0–3 35 658 0.64 –0.3 (−2.1, 1.4) 0.697   35 658 0.75 –0.4 (−2.6, 1.9) 0.749
  0–6 35 168 0.63 –0.6 (−2.8, 1.7) 0.600   35 168 0.74 –2.5 (−5.1, 0.2) 0.072
Influenza 0 2560 0.61 –3.4 (−7.7, 1.1) 0.133   2560 0.8 2.7 (−3.0, 8.6) 0.365
  0–3 1616 0.61 0.6 (−6.9, 8.6) 0.888   1616 0.64 2.8 (−5.2, 11.5) 0.501
  0–6 1608 0.49 –3.9 (−10.7, 3.4) 0.290   1608 0.61 2.6 (−5.6, 11.7) 0.543
    Biomass Burning (BB)
Outcome Lag N cases IQR (μg/m3) Excess Rate % (95% CI) p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia 0 55 000 0.58 0.4 (−0.7, 1.7) 0.462
  0–3 39 000 0.48 –0.8 (−2.5, 1.1) 0.41
  0–6 40 384 0.4 1.3 (−0.6, 3.1) 0.175
Influenza 0 3194 0.63 6.3 (−0.5, 13.5) 0.070
  0–3 1854 0.43 –2.0 (−11.3, 8.2) 0.688
  0–6 1978 0.5 10.1 (−1.9, 23.4) 0.102
a

PM2.5 filters/measurements, on which PMF sources were identified, were only available in Buffalo every 6 days.