Table 4. Excess Rate of Acute Respiratory Infectious ED Visits Associated with Each Interquartile Range Increase in Total PM_2.5 or PM_2.5 Source Concentration^a.

		Total PM2.5 (in the PMF File)					Secondary Sulfate (SS)
Outcome	Lag	N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value		N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia	0	22 024	6	0.4 (−1.4, 2.3)	0.67		21 540	2.1	0.7 (−0.6, 2.0)	0.30
	0–3	15 403	4.84	0.3 (−2.2, 2.8)	0.83		14 826	1.75	3.0 (1.1, 5.0)	0.002
	0–6	16 750	4.05	–1.3 (−3.7, 1.2)	0.30		16 040	1.41	1.4 (−0.5, 3.3)	0.14
Influenza	0	11 490	5.7	2.3 (−0.2, 4.9)	0.07		11 293	1.74	3.3 (1.4, 5.4)	<0.001
	0–3	7741	4.93	7.7 (3.7, 11.8)	<0.001		7530	1.47	3.5 (0.5, 6.6)	0.02
	0–6	8509	6.03	6.0 (0.5, 11.8)	0.03		8190	1.18	–2.9 (−5.7, −0.1)	0.04

		Spark Ignition Emissions (GAS)					Diesel (DIE)
Outcome	Lag	N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value		N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia	0	21 540	2.68	1.5 (−1.6, 4.7)	0.36		21 540	0.49	–0.8 (−2.0, 0.4)	0.20
	0–3	14 826	1.73	0.5 (−2.9, 4.0)	0.77		14 826	0.71	–1.9 (−4.9, 1.2)	0.23
	0–6	16 040	1.44	1.3 (−2.0, 4.7)	0.44		16 040	0.76	–3.7 (−7.4, 0.2)	0.06
Influenza	0	11 293	2.26	5.3 (1.7, 9.1)	0.004		11 293	0.43	–0.2 (−1.9, 1.4)	0.77
	0–3	7530	1.77	9.2 (4.3, 14.3)	<0.001		7530	0.38	3.9 (1.1, 6.8)	0.01
	0–6	8190	1.09	6.5 (3.1, 10.0)	<0.001		8190	0.33	5.2 (2.6, 7.9)	<0.001

		Road Dust (RD)					Secondary Nitrate (SN)
Outcome	Lag	N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value		N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia	0	21 540	0.29	–0.9 (−2.2, 0.5)	0.22		21 540	1.26	0.0 (−1.0, 1.0)	0.97
	0–3	14 826	0.21	–1.2 (−2.8, 0.5)	0.18		14 826	1.65	–1.8 (−4.0, 0.4)	0.10
	0–6	16 040	0.23	–1.0 (−3.2, 1.2)	0.37		16 040	1.57	–2.5 (−4.9, 0.0)	0.05
Influenza	0	11 293	0.22	–1.4 (−3.3, 0.5)	0.15		11 293	2.38	–2.3 (−5.1, 0.5)	0.11
	0–3	7530	0.2	0.3 (−2.7, 3.4)	0.85		7530	1.94	–1.6 (−5.4, 2.4)	0.43
	0–6	8190	0.16	2.0 (−0.8, 4.8)	0.16		8190	1.83	1.3 (−2.9, 5.7)	0.55

		Pyrolized Organic Rich (OP)					Fresh Sea Salt (FSS)
Outcome	Lag	N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value		N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia	0	16 099	1.39	–0.0 (−2.0, 2.0)	0.99		16 698	0.08	–0.3 (−0.6, −0.0)	0.04
	0–3	11 033	0.91	0.6 (−1.5, 2.8)	0.57		12 922	0.14	–0.9 (−1.6, −0.2)	0.02
	0–6	12 005	0.73	–0.1 (−2.3, 2.1)	0.90		12 718	0.17	–1.9 (−3.0, −0.8)	<0.001
Influenza	0	9828	1.12	0.1 (−2.2, 2.4)	0.93		8990	0.14	–0.8 (−1.6, −0.1)	0.03
	0–3	6560	0.77	4.9 (2.2, 7.7)	<0.001		6582	0.2	–2.2 (−3.8, −0.5)	0.01
	0–6	7106	0.82	6.8 (3.5, 10.2)	<0.001		6522	0.25	–2.1 (−4.5, 0.5)	0.11

		Aged Sea Salt (AGS)					Residual Oil (RO)
Outcome	Lag	N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value		N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia	0	16 698	0.68	–1.8 (−3.7, 0.2)	0.08		16 698	0.77	–1.9 (−4.3, 0.6)	0.13
	0–3	12 922	0.6	–1.9 (−4.5, 0.8)	0.17		12 922	0.68	–1.4 (−5.0, 2.4)	0.46
	0–6	12 718	0.57	–2.5 (−5.7, 0.8)	0.14		12 718	0.63	–5.0 (−8.9, −0.9)	0.02
Influenza	0	8990	0.67	–3.5 (−6.3, −0.7)	0.02		8990	0.88	–0.1 (−3.5, 3.5)	0.96
	0–3	6582	0.6	–1.5 (−5.5, 2.7)	0.48		6582	0.71	6.1 (1.0, 11.5)	0.02
	0–6	6522	0.51	–8.0 (−12.0, −3.8)	<0.001		6522	0.71	7.6 (1.5, 14.2)	0.01

		Biomass Burning (BB)
Outcome	Lag	N cases	IQR (μg/m3)	Excess Rate % (95% CI)	p-value
Culture-Negative Pneumonia	0	55 000	0.58	0.4 (−0.7, 1.7)	0.462
	0–3	39 000	0.48	–0.8 (−2.5, 1.1)	0.41
	0–6	40 384	0.4	1.3 (−0.6, 3.1)	0.175
Influenza	0	3194	0.63	6.0 (2.8, 9.3)	<0.001
	0–3	1854	0.43	4.9 (−0.5, 10.5)	0.076
	0–6	1978	0.5	6.0 (0.2, 12.0)	0.042

^aPM_2.5 filters/measurements, on which PMF sources were identified, were only available in Buffalo every 6 days.