Table 5.

Summary of costs for research and development mapped with reported indicators for evaluation

Various decision‐making points
Non‐financial costs (10)	Examples of indicators related to non‐financial costs (total: 2)
Biases in recruitment or findings24, 67	Perceived negative impacts of patient engagement for research and development24 Total hours spent on engagement24
Scientific and ethical conflict in protocol design20
Power struggles20
Increased time20
Financial costs (11)	Examples of indicators related to financial costs (total: 1)
Increased costs20	Total monetary costs of engagement for research and development24