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. 2020 Jan 17;7:405. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00405

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Copyright © 2020 Krystosik, Njoroge, Odhiambo, Forsyth, Mutuku and LaBeaud.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Framework for solutions-based research: upstream innovation research, upstream governance and policy, and downstream education. Recognizing that the current practices and incentive structures that drive these practices are inadequate to address the volume of trash generated globally, different approaches are needed to manage the growing waste problem. Notes for the symbols in the circle. Disease vectors and reservoirs *Depends on climate suitability and duration of accumulation; Infection and Disease **Depends on vector human contact, circulation of pathogen, and susceptible individuals; Poverty is ^†Associated with lack of municipal waste services; Solid waste accumulation refers to ^†† Non-biodegradable materials which are not incentivized for recycling.