Table 1.
Vector-borne disease evidence.
| Study type | Sample size | Year | Study site | WHO Region (69) | Trash type/risk measured | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aedes: DENV | ||||||
| Serosurveys | ||||||
| 106 households (501 residents) | 2000 | El Salvador | Americas | Discarded cans, plastic containers, tire casings | (70) | |
| 273 people | 2008 | Texas-Mexico border | Americas | Waste tires and buckets | (43) | |
| 600 people | 2004 | Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México | Americas | Water-holding containers, garbage collection | (71) | |
| Focus groups | 59 people | 2003 | San Juan, Puerto Rico | Americas | Insufficient garbage removal | (72) |
| Surveillance system studies | ||||||
| Case-control study | 34 cases and 34 controls | 2001 | Fortaleza (north-east Brazil) | Americas | No waste collection | (73) |
| Observational study | 219 (139 with and 80 without infection) | 2017 | Machala, Ecuador | Americas | Daily garbage collection | (74) |
| Surveillance system modeling studies | ||||||
| 4,165 households | 2014 | Thailand | S-E Asia | Outdoor solid waste disposal | (75) | |
| 4,248 cases | 2018 | Guayaquil, Ecuador | Americas | Negative association: municipal garbage collection at the census block level | (76) | |
| Population-based case-control study | 538 clinical cases and 727 controls | 2011 | Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil | Americas | Frequency of garbage collection | (77) |
| Longitudinal models | 165 cases; 492 controls | 2018 | Fortaleza, Brazil | Americas | Irregular garbage collection, scrapyards and sites associated with tires | (44) |
| Case-control study | 165 cases; 492 controls | 2014 | Guangzhou, China | Western Pacific | Removing trash and stagnant water from around the residence | (78) |
| Entomological surveys | ||||||
| Larval | 70 clusters; 1,750 houses | 2014 | Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India | S-E Asia | Tires and containers | (79) |
| Larval | 789 breeding habitats | 2008–2009 | Malaysia | Western Pacific | Plastic containers as breeding habitats | (80) |
| 205 households | September 2017 | Five streets in urban Chidambaram, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu state, India | S-E Asia | Discarded plastic containers | (81) | |
| Larval | 347 DF/DHF cases in 120 study sites | July 2002–August 2003 | Kandy District, Sri Lanka | S-E Asia | Tires, discarded plastic | (82) |
| Intervention studies | ||||||
| Modeled a hypothetical sanitation program | 1999 | Montrose urbanization in Caroni County and Port Cumana in the St. Andrews/St. David district, Trinidad | Americas | No effect: tires and small miscellaneous discarded trash | (83) | |
| Waste disposal act | 1988–1993 | Taiwan | Western Pacific | Discarded containers | (84) | |
| Household level waste management intervention for vector control and community mobilization | 200 houses | 2012 | Gampaha district of Sri Lanka | S-E Asia | Waste management at household level, the promotion of composting biodegradable household waste, raising awareness on the importance of solid waste management in dengue control and improving garbage collection bowls, tins, bottles | (85) |
| Community-centered dengue-ecosystem management | 2012 | Yogyakarta city, Indonesia | S-E Asia | Solid waste management and recycling | (86) | |
| 2006 and 2011 | India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand | S-E Asia/Western Pacific | Solid waste management, composting and recycling schemes small discarded containers | (87) | ||
| Aedes: ZIKV/CHIKV | ||||||
| Surveillance system modeling studies | ||||||
| 2014–2016 | Brazil | Americas | Man-made larval habitats and environmental management—water supply/storage and solid waste management as measured by the Garbage accumulation index (number of houses with accumulated and uncollected garbage) | (88) | ||
| 2018 | Brazil | Americas | Reported garbage destination, type of sanitary installation | (89) | ||
| Aedes: CHIKV | ||||||
| Policy brief | June 2012 | Reunion Island | Africa | Garbage disposal | (90) | |
| Aedes albopictus | ||||||
| Entomological surveys | ||||||
| Larval | 3720 premises and 820 local inhabitants | 2010 | Sant Cugat, Spain | Europe | Premises with solid waste | (91) |
| Immatures | four city areas | 2007 | Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil | Americas | Tires, opened coconuts and small plastic containers | (92) |
| Larvae | 100 homes | 2006–2009 | Calicut, Kerala, India | S-E Asia | Coconut shells and plastic waste | (93) |
| Intervention studies | ||||||
| Area-wide management | six 1000 parcel sites; 3 urban; 3 suburban areas | 2013 | New Jersey, United States | Americas | Tires and trash (plastic bags, soda cans, etc.) | (94) |
| Aedes aegypti | ||||||
| Entomological surveys | ||||||
| Larval | 750 containers; 1,873 larvae | May-June to September-October 2014 | Dire Dawa, East Ethiopia | Africa | Discarded tires and artificial water containers in houses and peridomestic areas | (95) |
| 18 localities | June 2013 to May 2014 | Delhi, India | S-E Asia | Solid waste and plastic containers | (96) | |
| Immature | 20 sentinel houses in each of 4 study sites | June 2014 to May 2016 | rural and urban sites in western and coastal Kenya | Africa | Buckets, drums, tires, and pots | (97) |
| Temporal dynamics and spatial patterns | 17,815 fixed sites | 2016 | Tartagal, Salta Province, Argentina | Americas | Municipal garbage dump, tire repair shops, and small garbage accumulation sites | (98) |
| Intervention studies | ||||||
| Community-based larval source reduction campaign | 2003 | Lautoka, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands | Western Pacific | Tires and drums | (99) | |
| Aedes spp. | ||||||
| Entomological surveys | ||||||
| Vector survey | 175 discardable plastic teacups | 2003 | Coastal district, Ernakulam, in Kerala State, India | S-E Asia | Plastic teacups discarded at tea carts | (100) |
| Immatures | 2012 | Delhi and Haryana, India | S-E Asia | Discarded trash, tires and plastic cups at roadside near tea stalls | (101) | |
| Larval | 26 types of wastes | 2015 | Kolkata, India | S-E Asia | Household wastes: earthen, porcelain, plastic, and coconut shells | (102) |
| Larval | 262 containers | 2009 | University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur | Western Pacific | Plastic containers, bottles, and cans | (103) |
| Sandflies: leishmaniasis | ||||||
| case-control | Two large outbreaks of at least 1,000 newly reported cases | 2005 | Teresina, Brazil | Americas | Regular trash collection | (104) |
| KAP | 3,968 heads of households | 2006 | Bihar state, India | S-E Asia | Garbage collection | (105) |
| Retrospective study | Five time periods; 3,252 cases | 1990–2014 | Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil | Americas | Lack of garbage collection | (106) |
| Triatomine: trypanosoma cruzi | ||||||
| Seroprevalence | ||||||
| 26 rural communities; 905 households, 2,156 humans, and 333 dogs | January 2005–December 2008 | Parroquia San Miguel, Municipio Urdaneta, Estado Lara, Venezuela | Americas | Household disarray (measured as old and/or damaged artifacts accumulated, materials from construction, inadequate cleaning and free rubbish in the home) | (107) | |
| 15 municipalities; 96 villages; 576 dwellings | 2017 | Sucre State, Venezuela | Americas | Accumulated garbage as measured by method of garbage disposal | (108) | |
| Entomological surveys: mixed modeling approach | Three villages; 308 houses | 2013 | Yucatan, Mexico | Americas | Cleaning of trash from the peridomicile | (109) |
| KAP | Three villages; 570, 702, and 416 houses | 2014 | Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico | Americas | Trash, cardboard, yard cleaning (collecting trash, cutting down plants and grass, and burning trash) | (110) |
| Entomological surveys: | 1,913 arthropod samples | 2019 | Urmia, Iran | Eastern Mediterranean | Municipal solid waste landfill | (111) |
| Anopheles spp.: Malaria | ||||||
| Geospatial analysis | 450 water samples | 2015 | Rawalpindi, Pakistan | Eastern Mediterranean | Low rates of solid waste collection system use | (112) |