Table 2.
Urban zoonosis evidence.
| Study type | Sample size | Year | Study site | WHO Region (69) | Trash type/risk measured | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observational studies | ||||||
| Surveillance | 1984–2011 | Marseille, France | Europe | Garbage collection strikes in which garbage is left on the street | (113) | |
| 3,171 slum residents | April 2003 and May 2004 | Slum in Salvador, Brazil | Americas | Residence <20 meters from accumulated refuse | (114) | |
| Surveillance | 79 autochthonous human cases | 2011–2015 | Federal District, Brazil | Americas | Public garbage collection service | (115) |
| Outbreak | 87 leptospirosis cases | 1996 | Western Region of Rio de Janeiro | Americas | Lower access to solid waste collection –% households served by municipal solid waste collection (accumulation of organic wastes, promoting the proliferation of rodents) | (116) |
| Outbreak | 87 leptospirosis cases | 1996 | Western Region of Rio de Janeiro | Americas | Waste accumulation | (117) |
| Cross-sectional KAP | 257 residents | May and June 2007 | Urban slum community in Salvador, Brazil | Americas | Improving trash collection | (118) |
| Outbreak & hospital-based surveillance | 89 confirmed cases. 22 households with index cases and 52 control households located in the same slum communities | 2001 | Slum communities in Salvador, Brazil | Americas | Trash collections | (48) |
| Population based case-control study | 66 lab-confirmed cases and 125 age and sex-matched healthy neighborhood controls | October 2000 and March 2001 | Salvador, Brazil | Americas | no association: Peri-domiciliary trash accumulation (Visual inspection of accumulated trash & continuous presence of household trash within five meters of a residence—proximity to accumulated trash) and municipal waste collection | (119) |
| Rodent: scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) | ||||||
| Observational | 2,002 adults | Vientiane City, Laos | S-E Asia | Poor sanitary conditions (presence of rubbish, animal excrement, etc.) | (120) | |
| Rodent: bubonic plague | ||||||
| Observational: case study | 1900 | Central Sydney, Australia | Western Pacific | Informal solid waste storage sites, solid waste management | (121) | |
| Observational: outbreak study | 1995–1998 | Mahajanga, Madagascar | Africa | rubbish | (122) | |
| Water studies | 22 water samples | Southern Chile | Americas | Debris found around the household areas: buckets, pails, jars, barrels, and old tires | (123) | |
| Water studies | Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos | Americas | Clearing away garbage in urban areas | (124) | ||
| Observational | 888 patients reported clinically | 1975 | Salvador | Americas | Sewage, rats, water, dogs, mud and garbage, | (125) |
| 236 households | Southern Chile | Americas | Open containers and debris presence of dogs and rodents | (123) | ||
| Canine: toxoplasmosis | ||||||
| Observational: serosurvey of humans and dogs | 564 households, which included 597 owners and 729 dogs | Urban areas of a major cities, Londrina, southern Brazil | Americas | Yard cleaning frequency, and having a dirty yard | (126) | |
| Canine: rabies | ||||||
| Observational | 2005–2016 | Lebanon | Eastern Mediterranean | Local garbage crisis: standing accumulated waste | (127) | |
One study found no association (119).