Table 4.
Effect of Zinc on children’s behavior problems (N = 1897)
| Variable | Total Problems (R2 = 0.12) | Internalizing (R2 = 0.07) | Externalizing (R2 = 0.14) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | 95% CI | p | β (SE) | 95% CI | p | β (SE) | 95% CI | p | |
| Screen time | |||||||||
| > 60 min | 3.43 (1.33) | 0.70–6.16 | 0.024 | 2.63 (0.31) | −0.71–5.97 | 0.180 | 4.04 (0.28) | 1.17–6.91 | 0.016 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Female | −3.07 (1.21) | −8.26–2.12 | 0.035 | −0.87 (0.54) | −2.32–0.58 | 0.894 | −4.43 (0.38) | −6.07−− 2.78 | 0.017 |
| The only child | |||||||||
| Yes | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| No | −4.54 (1.47) | −6.04−−2.04 | 0.029 | −3.63 (0.32) | −4.87−− 2.39 | 0.015 | −1.63 (0.91) | −2.78−−0.58 | 0.175 |
| Household | |||||||||
| Rural | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Urban | −3.96 (0.61) | −6.58−−1.34 | 0.041 | −2.55 (0.83) | −3.03−− 2.07 | 0.576 | −4.05 (2.05) | −7.86−−0.24 | 0.046 |
| Maternal education | |||||||||
| High school or higher | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Secondary | 1.21 (1.83) | 0.45–1.97 | 0.249 | 0.72 (0.53) | 0.07–1.35 | 0.594 | 1.45 (0.37) | −0.05–2.95 | 0.160 |
| Primary school or lower | 2.58 (0.95) | 0.71–4.45 | 0.042 | 0.74 (0.54) | 0.06–1.42 | 0.301 | 2.79 (0.59) | 1.34–4.24 | 0.042 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Divorced | 3.83 (1.08) | 1.36–6.30 | 0.045 | 5.17 (2.13) | 2.63–7.71 | 0.022 | 4.50 (1.26) | −1.63–10.63 | 0.025 |
| Widowed | 3.09 (0.91) | −5.01–11.19 | 0.044 | 4.07 (1.14) | 0.69–7.45 | 0.037 | 2.90 (0.46) | −0.99–6.79 | 0.091 |
| Family income | |||||||||
| < 3000RMB | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 3000-5000RMB | −3.49 (1.18) | −8.35−−1.37 | 0.046 | 0.33 (0.04) | −2.28−− 1.62 | 0.098 | −0.66 (0.24) | −1.96–0.70 | 0.150 |
| > 5000RMB | − 2.61 (1.57) | −3.84−−1.38 | 0.032 | −0.69 (0.47) | −1.18−− 0.20 | 0.346 | − 1.22 (0.96) | −2.91–0.47 | 0.079 |
| Primary Caregiver, | |||||||||
| Parents | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Grandparents | 2.05 (1.37) | 1.77–2.33 | 0.052 | 1.67 (0.85) | 1.17–2.27 | 0.619 | 1.42 (0.34) | −2.90–4.32 | 0.054 |
| Nanny or others | 4.41 (0.58) | 2.37–6.05 | 0.021 | 3.27 (0.32) | 1.89–4.66 | 0.019 | 2.66 (0.54) | 0.40–5.08 | 0.037 |
Note: p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant, and the data were set in bold